<p>Downtown Columbia is the central business, government, and social core of Columbia, Missouri and the Columbia Metropolitan Area. Three colleges — the University of Missouri, Stephens College, and Columbia College — all border the area. Downtown Columbia is an area of approximately one square mile surrounded by the University of Missouri on the south, Stephens College to the east and Columbia College on the north. The area serves as Columbias financial and business district and is the topic of a large initiative to draw tourism, which includes plans to capitalize on the areas historic architecture, and Bohemian characteristics. The downtown skyline is relatively low and is dominated by the 10-story Tiger Hotel, and the 15-story Paquin Tower.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Columbia Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, covers much of the downtown area. This historic district was created in 2006, following the removal of concrete awnings. It was expanded in 2008</p><br>
<p>Hopewell, also known as Hopewell Mills and Hopewell Farm, was established around 1765 by William Little, Sr., who built grain and saw mills near the Shenandoah River. In 1827, William Little, Jr. sold the property to James Hite and Jacob Newcomer. Hite named the property "Hopewell", identifying the mill with a place in Leetown also named Hopewell, where there was a Quaker meeting house. Hite&#39;s descendant, Thomas Hite Willis, operated and expanded the mill, adding a woolen mill. The woolen mill operated until the 1920s providing uniforms for the Army.</p><br>
<p>The complex includes a log-and-clapboard house, built circa 1765 with twentieth century additions, a tenant house (known as the "Viand Cottage") from the same era and of similar construction, several outbuildings and the ruins of the woolen mill, circa 1850.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church of Brooklyn at 423 Clinton Street at Carroll Street in the Carroll Gardens neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City was built from 1867 to 1884 and was designed by Richard Upjohn & Son in the High Victorian Gothic style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island, part of the worldwide Anglican Communion, in the Anglo-Catholic tradition.</p><br>
<h2>Parish history</h2><br>
<p>St. Pauls was founded on Christmas Day of 1849, in South Brooklyn, then the quickly developing southward expansion of old Brooklyn Heights. New homes and businesses were covering old countryside, farmland, and shoreline; industrialization was bringing a new way of life to the City of Brooklyn, waves of immigrants from the nations of the world were arriving and the American Civil War was looming. This was also the era when the Anglican Communion of Churches was experiencing a renewed vision of their catholic faith and order often called the "Anglo-Catholic Revival" of the Oxford Movement. Saint Pauls was formed in heady days of philosophical, social, economic, and religious change.</p><br>
<p>The Whitney Avenue Historic District is a historic district in the East Rock neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut. It is a 203 acre district which included 1,084 contributing buildings when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>It is bordered by Edgerton Park and East Rock Park on the north. It abuts the Prospect Hill Historic District to the west and the Orange Street Historic District on the east. Yale University facilities border on the southwest and south. The district is named after Whitney Avenue, the principal thoroughfare in the district, which is lined with mansions or other larger houses, while the smaller streets included in the district have mostly smaller homes.</p><br>
<p>Per its NRHP nomination, the district</p><br>
<p>is significant as a well-preserved middle and upper-class residential neighborhood which reflects the process of suburbanization in New Haven during the late 19th and early 20th centuries...and which has retained its integrity with few intrusions or alterations.... The houses in the district embody the distinctive characteristics of several periods and types of domestic architecture, including locally outstanding examples of Queen Anne, Shingle, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and other styles....</p><br>
<p>The district includes 749 "major" buildings: mostly houses but also schools, small commercial buildings, and a firehouse. Including smaller outbuildings such as garages and carriage houses, there were a total of 1,113 buildings in 1989. Besides the 1,084 contributing buildings, the district then included 29 non-contributing buildings. Since that time, some of the contributing buildings have been demolished, such as some garages behind houses, but the character of the district is generally preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Residential structures</h2><br>
<p>Large mansions are primarily along Whitney Avenue and Livingston Street.</p><br>
<p>Significant Queen Anne style houses include the William Allen House, at 357 Whitney Avenue, a principal example among a row of Queen Anne houses.</p><br>
<p>Significant Shingle style houses include:</p><br>
<p>519 Whitney Avenue, at the corner of Canner Street (pictured above)</p><br>
<p>the Charles Atwater House (pictured at right, also as Photo #21 in accompanying NRHP nomination photos, and as photo #1 in New Haven Preservation Trust photos) at 321 Whitney Avenue, at the corner of Edwards Street, designed by Babb, Cook and Willard</p><br>
<p>the Abner Hendee House at 703 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Significant Colonial Revival ones include:</p><br>
<p>C. Maeller House, 591 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Coyle House, nearby</p><br>
<p>369 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Dr. Henry Hessler House, 1930, designed by J. Frederick Kelly, at 370 Livingston (accompanying photo #11)</p><br>
<p>Ray Reigeluth House, at 340 Livingston Street, from 1928–29, which represents an "apogee" of revival, being an exact copy of the Julius Deming House on North Street in the Litchfield Historic District in Litchfield, Connecticut, designed by architect Dwight Smith (accompanying photo #10)</p><br>
<p>Louis Ullman House, 1916, at 294 Livingston (accompanying photo #9)</p><br>
<p>There are significant Tudor Revival houses including, for example, the Dr. Edwin Butler House, at 640 Whitney Avenue, from 1913.</p><br>
<p>Other assorted styles are represented, including, notably, the Colin Ingersoll House at 475 Whitney Avenue, a spectacular Chateauesque style building designed by architect Joseph Northrup</p><br>
<p>There are apartment buildings mixed into the housing stock, particularly of U-shaped forms and particularly along Whitney Avenue. Examples appear in photos 16 and 29 (Brighton Court, in Spanish Colonial Revival, c.1915, at 663-667 Whitney Avenue) of accompanying photo collection.</p><br>
<h2>Institutional buildings</h2><br>
<p>Institutional purposes are now served by many of the buildings built originally as mansions along Whitney Avenue. At the time of the National Register listing, there were ten churches in the district, four of which were deemed to contributing properties. There are also several schools and a fire station. Institutional structures, specifically built as such, include:</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church, 1902, designed by Leoni Robinson in Late Gothic Revival style, at 205 Edwards Street (see Photo 3 in accompanying photo collection)</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas&#39;s Episcopal Church, 1931, at 830 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Evangelical Covenant Church</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church, 1895, at 400 Humphrey, a Gothic style church designed by William Halsey Wood</p><br>
<p>Swedish Emanuel Congregational Church, a Colonial Revival style from 1925, at 590 Orange Street</p><br>
<p>Epworth Methodist Episcopal Church, in Romanesque style from 1892, at 655 Orange Street</p><br>
<p>First Unitarian/Universalist Society, c. 1910, at 608 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Worthington Hooker School, Beaux Arts style, 1900, brick and terra cotta, (photo 1 in accompanying photos)</p><br>
<p>Whitney Station, of the New Haven Fire Department, an International style building at 348 Whitney Avenue</p><br>
<p>Troop A Armory, at 869 Orange Street, in Late Gothic Revival style from 1906</p><br>
<h2>Commercial buildings</h2><br>
<p>Per the NRHP nomination, small commercial buildings or "houses which have been fitted with storefronts", primarily at corners or along Orange Avenue are included in, and serve, the district. An unusual example is the Hall-Benedict Drug Company Building, a building on Orange Street, which is separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>Summary</h2><br>
<p>Per the NRHP nomination,In summary, the district is distinguished by its exceptional number of architecturally significant houses; the wide, shady, tree-lined streets which provide an appropriate setting for those houses; and by the high proportion of buildings which have retained their integrity of materials and design. Together these attributes create the sense of historic and architectural cohesiveness which makes this area a distinctive cultural resource.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to neighborhoods</h2><br>
<p>The historic district primarily in the East Rock neighborhood but also extending into the Prospect Hill neighborhood of the city of New Haven, Connecticut. The row of properties on the west side of Whitney Avenue is officially in the Prospect Hill neighborhood planning area.</p><br>
<p>The Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District is a historic district in New Haven, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It includes 867 properties, which "include 858 major structures and 131 notable outbuildings." Of these structures, 876 are buildings deemed to contribute to the historical and/or architectural significance of the area, and most of these are residential. However the center of the district is "dominated" by the 75 acre tract of the former Winchester Repeating Arms Company, which contains industrial buildings.</p><br>
<p>The district includes and surrounds the old Winchester plant later run by USA Repeating Arms; the plant was important to both of its adjoining residential neighborhoods. Some of the plant has been operated by Science Park at Yale, a business incubator with Yale University associations.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>According to the districts 1987 nomination document:The district is historically significant for two reasons. First its core encompasses the extensive surviving portions of the industrial complex developed by the former Winchester Repeating Arms Company, one of the nations foremost late 19th- and early 20th-century armament manufacturers. Second, the district as a whole forms New Havens most nearly intact and cohesive surviving example of the inherent relationship between the growth of modern industry and the emergence of large working-class residential neighborhoods, a relationship typically associated with the development of many of the nations northeastern urban communities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Criterion A). The district is architecturally significant for three reasons. First, its core embraces numerous examples of period industrial structures. Second, the majority of these structures were built for the Winchester Repeating Arms Company according to designs provided by Leoni W. Robinson, one of New Havens premier late 19/early 20th-century architects. Finally, the districts predominantly residential perimeter areas encompass a host of relatively intact single- and multi-family workers&#39; houses as well as several significant examples of commercial, religious, and municipal buildings dating from this same era. As a group, these perimeter-area buildings represent a variety of important and popular vernacular architectural styles of the era, including late Greek Revival, Italianate, Gothic Revival, Queen Anne and Colonial Revival (Criterion C).</p><br>
<h2>Residential development</h2><br>
<p>Residential development in the district included development of tenement buildings for one, two or three families. Examples are as depicted in accompanying photo 2 (134-36, 138-40, 142-44, 146-48 Mansfield St.), photo 4 (166-68, 162-64, 156-58, 152-54, 146-48 Sheffield St., photo 5 (220-30 Division St.), photo 13 (567 Dixwell Ave.), photo 16 (552-54, 558 Winchester Ave.) and photo 20 (368, 370, 374, 378 Dixwell Ave.).</p><br>
<p>Two speculators who were very successful with such residential development were Joseph Sheldon and John W. Bishop: "these men were the moving force behind the 19th-century development of virtually all of the properties which currently line both sides of Admiral and most of Henry Streets, as well as the construction of most of the houses along the southwestern side of Munson Street directly opposite the Winchester complex.</p><br>
<p>Their work is depicted in accompanying photo 22 (51, 49, 43, 41, 39 Henry St.), photo 12 (49, 53, 55, 59 Admiral St.) and accompanying photo 9 (206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, and 220-22 Munson St.).</p><br>
<h2>Industrial development</h2><br>
<p>The Winchester firm had started operations on Union Street in the Wooster Square neighborhood of New Haven, and moved to Bridgeport in 1866. It relocated back from Bridgeport to New Haven in 1870, to the current location in the district. The original buildings which it built are no longer existing The firm grew, having more than 600 employees by 1887 and "well in excess of 1,000" by the early 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Streets</h2><br>
<p>Streets in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Mansfield Street</p><br>
<p>Sheffield Street</p><br>
<p>Division Street</p><br>
<p>Winchester Avenue</p><br>
<p>Munson Street</p><br>
<p>Thompson Street</p><br>
<p>Ivy Street</p><br>
<p>Admiral Street</p><br>
<p>Dixwell Avenue</p><br>
<p>Shelton Avenue</p><br>
<p>Newhall Street</p><br>
<p>Henry Street</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to neighborhoods</h2><br>
<p>The district is located in the Newhallville and Dixwell neighborhoods defined by the city of New Haven, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The 1987 NRHP nomination document reads: the "255-acre district includes most of the southern and northern portions of the city&#39;s Newhallville and Dixwell neighborhoods, respectively."</p><br>
<p>Pas de Peyrol  is a mountain pass located in Auvergne, France, and is the highest road pass in the Massif Central. The pass is on the slopes of Puy Mary  and is situated at the junction of three roads:</p><br>
<p>D17 to the south-west towards Aurillac, via the Col de Redondet (1,531 m), then down the valley of the River Jordanne.</p><br>
<p>D680 to the north-west towards Salers</p><br>
<p>D680 to the east, towards Dienne, down the valley of the River Santoire</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The pass is regularly used on the Tour de France, most recently on stage 5 of the 2016 tour. The pass was first used in the 1959 Tour de France, on the 231 km stage 14 from Aurillac to Clermont Ferrand, with Louis Bergaud first across the summit. In the 2004 tour, the pass was used on stage 10 from Limoges to Saint-Flour, approaching from the Salers direction which includes a final three kilometres at an average of 12% and a maximum gradient of 15%, with Richard Virenque first over the summit.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in the Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>The Tour de France has crossed the summit 10 times since 1947, including stage 5 of the 2016 tour on July 6th, 2016. The 10th stage was selected for the 2004 L&#39;Étape du Tour, in which amateur and club riders ride over a full stage of the tour.</p><br>
<p>McDaniel Lake is a 300 acre source of water for the city of Springfield, Missouri currently owned and operated by City Utilities of Springfield as their public water source. Despite being 5 mi north of the city limits, the Springfield Police Department has primary jurisdiction over the lake, shorelines and corresponding city-owned land .</p><br>
<h2>Recreational activities</h2><br>
<p>McDaniel Lake is considered a "restricted" lake meaning boating, floating, swimming and docks are not allowed on the water surface. Fishing, however is allowed and encouraged off of the 50 yd concrete bridge running west to east over the lake at one of its smaller sections.</p><br>
<h2>Lake creation and etymology</h2><br>
<p>McDaniel Lake was created by impounding the Little Sac River in 1929, making it one of the oldest man-made dams in the area, with the dam at Fellows Lake being built in 1957. The McDaniel Lake dam was raised to increase lake-water storage in 1992, making it more visible from the solitary bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing and accessibility</h2><br>
<p>The lake is only accessible by vehicle at two points: one being Farm Roads 145/151 and a second at a smaller crossing on Farm Road 159. Both roads contain large bridges from which people can fish, though the Farm Road 145/151 bridge is popularized as being a better fishing location.</p><br>
<p>The lake boasts a variable amount of species of fish including carp, small mouth bass and large mouth bass, white bass, channel catfish and several sunfish. The lake itself is quickly gathering attention as being a top site in Southwest Missouri for fishing due to its serenity and peacefulness.</p><br>
<p>Dzhendem tepe is the biggest and highest of the seven Plovdiv hills. It is located in the western part of town.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times it was called the Mount of the Dryad Nymphs. During the Bronze Age there was a settlement and/or a shrine on its top. There are reports that a huge bronze statue of the god Apollo stood on top of the hill until late antiquity. In Roman times the main city temple, dedicated to Apollo Cendrisseos, was located there, which was turned into a large three-nave basilica in the 4th century. During the Ottoman period it was called Dzhin Tepe (hill of the spirits), which gradually changed to Djendem Tepe. It also called Chigdem Tepe (hill of the crocusses).</p><br>
<p>The hill has been declared a natural landmark.</p><br>
<p>Tews Falls, is a 41 metre ribbon waterfall , and is the tallest waterfall found in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Located at the Spencer Gorge / Websters Falls Conservation Area in Greensville, its source is Logies Creek. It is a 20-minute walk along municipal roads away from Websters Falls. Also known as Hopkins Falls and Tunis&#39;s Falls. Best viewed in the springtime as it tends to dry up in the summer months.</p><br>
<p>Nearby attractions include the Bruce Trail, Dundas Peak, Crooks Hollow Conservation Area, Christie Lake Conservation Area, Carnegie Gallery in downtown Dundas. There is a picnic area and bathroom facilities located at Christie Lake Conservation Area.</p><br>
<h2>Directions</h2><br>
<p>In Hamilton, take Main Street West past McMaster University and straight into Dundas. Take it straight past the library and up the hill. Continue straight through a Y-junction of sorts and then turn right on Harvest Rd. There are signs pointing in the direction of the falls. The parking lot is on the right-hand side of the road.</p><br>
<p>Tews Falls can no longer be reached from Webster&#39;s falls via the Bruce Trail, but by a 5-minute drive down Harvest Road to the Tews Falls parking area.</p><br>
<p>From Toronto you can go West on Dundas Street (Highway #5) until you turn south on Brock Street (To Greensville), left on Harvest road.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The John and Priscilla Alden Family Sites is a National Historic Landmark consisting of two separate properties in Duxbury, Massachusetts, United States. Both properties are significant for their association with John Alden, one of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony who came to North America on board the Mayflower, and held numerous posts of importance in the colony. Alden and his relationship with Priscilla Mullins were memorialized by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in The Courtship of Miles Standish, a narrative poem that made the story a piece of American folklore.</p><br>
<p>One of the two properties contains the archaeological remains of the house John Alden built c. 1630, and is also significant in the field of historical archaeology as the mature field work of Roland Wells Robbins (1908–1987), an early historical archaeologist. It is on land owned by the Town of Duxbury. On the second property stands a house which was traditionally dated to c. 1657 as a work by Alden, but is, by forensic analysis, judged to have been built around 1700, probably by John Alden&#39;s grandson. This property has been under the continuous ownership of the Alden family; it is now managed by a family foundation as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Alden Homestead Site</h2><br>
<p>The Alden Homestead Site is located on a knoll overlooking the Bluefish River, on a parcel of land that is now owned by the Town of Duxbury, and is principally occupied by the Duxbury Junior High School. The site is marked by wooden posts which outline the site of the foundation excavated by Roland Wells Robbins in 1960. A bronze marker is mounted on a granite stone above 75 ft from the site, bearing the inscription "Site of the John Alden House built 1627". The property is part of a 100 acre parcel granted to John Alden in 1621, and is about 750 ft from the John Alden House, which abuts the town property.</p><br>
<p>The site has been of archaeological interest since the 19th century, when historical artifacts were found in the area. The first formal archaeological survey of the area was conducted in the 1950s, but did not locate the homestead foundation. The Alden Kindred Foundation, owners of the John Alden House, hired Robbins in 1960 to investigate the area. He located and excavated a granite foundation, 38 x in size, with evidence of a deep cellar hole underneath the western end. He excavated the area within the foundation, including the cellar, and recovered more than 7,000 historical artifacts and 2,000 prehistoric Native American artifacts. Most of these were nails and other construction materials. A significant number of cultural artifacts provide evidence that the site was last occupied in the 1650s. In consultation with other archaeologists who analyzed the finds, and based on documentary evidence, Robbins assigned the house a construction date of 1632.</p><br>
<p>Later research, including new fieldwork and reinterpretation of Robbins work by Craig Chartier, suggests that the foundation might be an addition to an older 20 x structure which was earthfast (i.e. built on wooden posts set in the ground), a building method known from other Plymouth Colony sites. Chartier concludes that this site was Aldens home for most of his time in Plymouth.</p><br>
<h2>John Alden House</h2><br>
<p>The John Alden House is a historic house museum that was purportedly home to John and Priscilla Alden. It is located at 105 Alden Street in Duxbury, Massachusetts. Scholarship variously dates it as built in 1653 according to family tradition, or c. 1700 according to more recent dendrochronology testing of the beams.</p><br>
<p>Alden was ships cooper on the Mayflower who arrived in Plymouth in 1620 and later moved to Duxbury. Although not a Pilgrim himself, he was an important figure throughout the period of the Plymouth Colony. This house may have used materials from Aldens earlier house which was nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The sites were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, and were declared a National Historic Landmark on October 6, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Pine Hill, in Bourne, Massachusetts, United States, is the highest point in Barnstable County and, by extension, Cape Cod. At 306 ft, it is almost twice as high as Dennis&#39;s 160-foot  Scargo Hill, sometimes thought to be the highest on the peninsula, among other local favorites.</p><br>
<p>It is located off Frank Perkins Road, within the Camp Edwards portion of the Massachusetts Military Reservation. Access to it is restricted, not only because it is on a military facility but because it lies at the rear of an artillery range.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history and geography</h2><br>
<p>The hill is part of the Buzzards Bay Moraine, created over ten thousand years ago by retreating glaciers at the end of the last ice age. It is two miles (3.2 km) inland from Buzzards Bay itself and a mile from Massachusetts Route 28. The area is distinguished by sandy soil, bouldery till and an abundance of the pitch pine that gives the hill its name. Lower, hummocky hills and a few small glacial ponds make up the surrounding landscape.</p><br>
<p>The hill was noted as a prominent feature of the Cape Cod landscape as early as 1874, when it was still part of the town of Sandwich (Bourne would not be created for another ten years). Military use of the surrounding area began in 1911; in 1935 the state created and began building the Massachusetts Military Reservation complex after the Massachusetts National Guard outgrew Fort Devens. Other than the road near it, the Pine Hill area has remained mostly undeveloped. Then-governor Paul Cellucci wanted to convert the area into a state conservation area in 1999, but dropped the plan after the Guard objected.</p><br>
<h2>Approach</h2><br>
<p>Members of the public may visit Pine Hill, but must arrange advance permission through the base&#39;s Public Affairs Office (PAO) and show identification when visiting the base. These requirements were in place before the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, but have been more rigorously enforced since then.</p><br>
<p>A PAO escort leads visitors over several miles of roads to a range station on a rise near the hill. From there it is a short walk down Frank Perkins to a narrow road leading up a gentle slope an even shorter distance to the summit of Pine Hill, a small clearing with a USGS benchmark set in a small concrete monument at the middle marking the 306 ft elevation. It is necessary to stay on the road and path because of the possibility of unexploded ordnance in the woods. Surveying and meteorological research equipment is sometimes located at the summit. Any view is obscured by surrounding trees.</p><br>
<p>Lachuá Lake is a Karstic lake in Guatemala. It is located in the middle of a national park covered with tropical rain forest, northwest of Cobán, near the border between the departments of Alta Verapaz and El Quiché. The lake is near circular in shape and is probably a cenote or doline. The lake water has a slightly sulphurous smell, which may explain the origin of its name: "Lachuá" is derived from the Qeqchi words "la chu há" which means "the fetid water". The water contains a relatively high degree of calcite and tree branches fallen into the lake are quickly covered with a white calcite layer.</p><br>
<p>The Peyan river forms the principal water inflow and the Lachua river its main outflow.</p><br>
<p>According to officials responsible for the protection of the park border, there have been incidents of intrusion by individuals and families as well as severe cases of illegal wood chopping since 2005. Those who have dared to protest this were often intimidated and threatened. The whole area around the park has been subject to heavy deforestation for the last decades.</p><br>
<h2>National Park</h2><br>
<p>In 1976 an area of 145 km² around the lake (15.919074&deg; latitude, -90.673084&deg; longitude) was designated a national park. Lachuá Lake and its buffer zone were also declared a Ramsar site in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The park and adjacent buffer zone (known as "Eco-región Lachuá") is noted for its high biodiversity. With 120 species of mammals (50% of mammal species found in Guatemala), 30-40 species of reptiles, 177 bird species (40% of bird species in Guatemala), and 36 fish species it is a sanctuary for a varied fauna population. These include fish like the diadromous tarpon (Megalops atlanticus), an ample variety of biogegraphically endemic Cichlid species, reptiles like Morelets Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii), Orangebelly Swamp Snake (Tretanorhinus nigroluteus); and mammals, like the Jaguar (Panthera onca), Cougar (Puma concolor), Bairds tapir (Tapirus bairdii), the White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari), Spotted Paca (Agouti paca), Red Brocket (Mazama americana), and Spix&#39;s Disk-winged Bat (Thyroptera tricolor), and various monkeys species including the endangered Guatemalan Black Howler (Alouatta pigra).</p><br>
<p>Waterbirds found in the park include</p><br>
<p>the Wood Stork (Mycteria americana),</p><br>
<p>Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors),</p><br>
<p>Black-bellied Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis),</p><br>
<p>Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata),</p><br>
<p>Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps),</p><br>
<p>Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis),</p><br>
<p>Bare-throated Tiger-heron (Tigrisoma mexicanum),</p><br>
<p>Snowy Egret (Egretta thula),</p><br>
<p>Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea),</p><br>
<p>Tricolored Heron (Egretta tricolor),</p><br>
<p>Green Heron (Butorides virescens),</p><br>
<p>Sungrebe (Heliornis fulica),</p><br>
<p>Limpkin (Aramus guarauna),</p><br>
<p>and Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus),</p><br>
<p>Batadombalena is an archaeological site with evidence of habitation from 8,000 years BCE, Balangoda Man, located 85 km from Colombo in Sri Lanka, a two-hour drive from Colombo.</p><br>
<p>The Batadombalena archaeological site contains evidence of habitation from as early as 8,000 years BCE and is one of the sites whose discoveries support the "Out of Africa" hypothesis, according to Professor Paul Mellars, a Cambridge University archaeologist. Among the evidence of Balangoda Man he unearthed at the site were stone tools that are interpreted as arrow - or spearheads and carefully shaped and perforated beads made from ostrich eggshell fragments. One particular piece of an ostrich eggshell, incised with a distinctive criss-cross motif, has also been discovered.</p><br>
<p>Batadombalena Cave has a size of roughly 50 x.</p><br>
<p>The William Grubb Farm, also known as Conway and Brook Manor, is located near Charles Town, West Virginia. Built circa 1763 by William Grubb Jr., the house is a "stone-ender," with stone masonry at the gable ends of the house and log construction on the long sides, now covered with clapboards. The complex includes the house, a well course , a corn crib , a barn  and a Quaker burial ground .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In October 1734, Emanuel Grubb and John Grubb Jr, the two oldest sons of John Grubb of Brandywine Hundred, Delaware, had 730 acre surveyed along the Bullskin Creek near Charles Town. While it is unlikely that either Emanuel or John Jr ever traveled to the area, the next year, Emanuels son John and John Grubb Jrs son, William posted a 100-pound bond to secure the title, listed as Tract 76, Map 3. William returned to Delaware, and Emanuels sons John, James, Frances, Benjamin and Emanuel Jr. settled in the area where they shipped hides back to the familys tannery in Delaware. In 1742, the family purchased two additional tracts, yielding 520 acre and nine years later purchased a further 400 acre.</p><br>
<p>At the time, this was a tough frontier region and Benjamin Grubb became one of its colorful figures. He and his associate, David Morgan were once hauled before the magistrate after they took on all comers in a bar room brawl. However, by 1864 Benjamin was the last member of Emanuel Grubbs family in the area when he sold the remainder of Emanuals interest and relocated to North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>When John Grubb Jr died in 1758, his interest in the Bullskin Creek property was inherited by his son Adam, a Pennsylvania shipwright who had no use for the tract. He leased the property to his older brother William Grubb (1713–1775), a Delaware farmer who had traveled to the Bullskin area in the mid-1730s to represent his father when the land was first acquired. William was a leader in the Chichester, Pennsylvania Quaker Meeting and the church was interested in establishing a settlement in the Charles Town area. On September 1, 1762, Willam and his brother, Samuel (another Delaware Quaker farmer) received an additional 431 acre from Lord Fairfax.</p><br>
<p>With the war now over, it became reasonably safe to settle in the region, and Williams son, William Grubb Jr (1740 – circa 1810) relocated to the area from Delaware with his new bride, Susanna (probably Kerlin). William and Susannah ultimately inherited all of the familys Bullskin lands where they raised eight children. During the Revolution, William supplied over 100 barrels of whisky per month to his neighbor, George Washington. By 1800 a mill had been built, which operated until 1935. The Bullskin Run Quaker Meeting House was also on the property, but does not survive. When William Jr died, the property was inherited by William Grubb 3rd (circa 1779 – circa 1858) who moved to Ohio in 1814 and sold the property to his sister Rebecca and her husband, John Haines. The house was expanded in 1880 by Warren Eby.</p><br>
<p>The Forrest-Marbury House, located at 3350 M Street NW in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and is not far from the Francis Scott Key Bridge over the Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>It was the site of a March 29, 1791, meeting between President George Washington and local land-owners to discuss the federal government&#39;s purchase offer of land needed to build a new capital city for the young United States of America. The meeting was a success and the land was soon acquired.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Forrest-Marbury house itself dates to 1788 and is one of the District of Columbia&#39;s most historic sites. It was originally home to Uriah Forrest, an early mayor of Georgetown.</p><br>
<p>The houses next owner was real estate investor William Marbury, who occupied it in 1800 while he purchased large tracts in the Districts Anacostia section. Marburys battle with President Thomas Jefferson over President John Adamss federal appointments resulted in the landmark 1803 U. S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, written by Chief Justice John Marshall and decided against Marbury, that first established the right of judicial review of executive and legislative branch acts of government.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in Marbury&#39;s family throughout most of the nineteenth century. It was later used as both a residence and a commercial property, including the Crazy Horse rock and roll nightclub in the 1980s, before being restored and remodeled in the early 1990s. In 1992 it was offered for lease as part of "Forrest Marbury Court". Since 1992, it has served as the offices of the Embassy of Ukraine.</p><br>
<p>The McDougall–Campbell House is an English Arts and Crafts-Style house in Portland, Oregon, United States. It has elements of the English Cottage style incorporated into the design. The house was designed by architect Josef Jacobberger for Gilbert H. Durham and built in 1910 or earlier.</p><br>
<p>Dominant are characteristics of the Arts and Crafts Movement, including use of natural materials (wood, brick, tile, stone), built-in cabinetry, shingles, a variety of window types, asymmetrical floor plans, multiple steeply pitched gables, an open porch, brick chimneys and rooms with an open flow extending to the exterior.</p><br>
<p>Important are elements of the English Cottage style including the eyebrow dormer, wrought iron work and the jerkinhead or clipped gable that is an architectural feature whose origins trace back to the thatched roof of Medieval England.</p><br>
<p>Landscaping contributes to the setting of the McDougall&ndash;Campbell House. Trees, shrubs, stone steps, lawn areas, walkways, a terracotta tiled patio, and terraces make up the yard, which is informal, overgrown and reminiscent of an English garden. A rock retaining wall runs the length of the property.</p><br>
<p>The Chatsworth Apartments is an apartment building located at 630 Merrick Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, within the campus of Wayne State University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chatsworth Apartments is a nine-story, L-shaped apartment building, built of reinforced concrete with tan-colored brick and tile. It included an underground parking garage with a sixty-five car capacity - an uncommon feature at the time.</p><br>
<p>The facade of the Chatsworth is divided into three horizontal sections: a heavier base consisting of the first two floors, a center section of floors 3-8, and the capping of the ninth floor. The first two floors are designed with decorative elements, including white stone at the ground level, orangish tiles, balustrades on the second-story windows, and a clearly defined bracketed cornice above the second floor. The main facade includes three strong vertical bays in the main section (floors 3-8) which stand out as columns. Gothic-shaped arches top the ninth-story windows, as well as the second-story windows.</p><br>
<p>Inside, each of floors 3-9 typically contain 10 living units of varying size, with most containing a living room, dining area, kitchen, bedroom, and bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chatsworth was built in 1928 for the realty company T.F. Norris Company from a design by the firm of Pollmar, Ropes & Lundy. The apartment building was constructed at a cost of approximately $560,000 to accommodate the influx of residents into Detroit in the 1920s. The original owner was likely Charles A. Gallarno - he certainly owned the land on which the Chatsworth was built, and owned some nearby apartment buildings, but his ownership of the Chatsworth is uncertain.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, Bondholders Management Inc. acquired the property. As early as 1951, Wayne State University expressed an interest in purchasing the Chatsworth. The University did acquire it in February 1961. As of 2016, the building is owned by Wayne State University, and is used as housing for undergraduate, graduate, and professional students.</p><br>
<p>The university allows families with children to live in Chatsworth Tower. Residents are zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Zoned schools include DPS Foundation for Early Learners @ Edmonson (K-8), and King High School (9-12).</p><br>
<p>The First Harrison Gray Otis House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 141 Cambridge Street in the West End of Boston, Massachusetts. The house, built in 1795–96, was the first of three houses designed by Charles Bulfinch and built for Massachusetts politician Harrison Gray Otis. It is notable as one of the earliest three-story brick houses that came to represent the Federal style of architecture, and its interiors show the influence of Robert Adam. The house is now the headquarters of Historic New England, a regional preservation organization, and is open year-round for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is the simplest of the three designed by Bulfinch for Otis. The design is said to be inspired by a William Bingham house that Bulfinch saw in 1789 in Philadelphia, which was in turned derived from a house in London. The house is three stories tall, five bays wide, with elegant string courses. Today&#39;s graceful entrance was added after 1801. Above it is a fine Palladian window, and above that a lunette. The third floor is very short; ceilings are just over 6 feet tall. The floor plan follows a typical central hall plan, with two rooms on either side of the central hallway. The kitchen was in an ell.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1916 by the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England) for use as its headquarters. It was originally located about 40 feet forward of its present location, but was moved in the 1920s after it was threatened by the widening of Cambridge Street. The original cellar was lost during this move. The house is now connected to a group of row houses on Lynde Street, which serve as office and program space for Historic New England. The house underwent a careful restoration in 1960, overseen by Abbott Lowell Cummings. It is open year-round for tours.</p><br>
<p>The Gibson-Todd House was the site of the hanging of John Brown, the abolitionist who led a raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia before the opening of the American Civil War. The property is located in Charles Town, West Virginia, and includes a large Victorian style house built in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by John Thomas Gibson, who led the first armed response to Harpers Ferry during Brown&#39;s raid as commander of the Virginia Militia in Jefferson County. Gibson went on to serve as an officer for the Confederacy. After the war he was mayor of Charles Town.</p><br>
<p>Among those present at Brown&#39;s hanging were Stonewall Jackson, John McCausland, J.E.B. Stuart and John Wilkes Booth. When the old Jefferson County jail was demolished, Gibson saved stones from the building and built a monument to the event on the property.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Thomas A. Mullett, son of Alfred B. Mullett. Mullett also designed the New Opera House and the new Charles Town jail.</p><br>
<p>Heurich House Museum, also known as the Christian Heurich Mansion or Brewmaster&#39;s Castle, is a Gilded Age mansion in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington D.C.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house, built in 1892-94 by architect John Granville Meyers for German immigrant and brewer Christian Heurich. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first two floors of the house are preserved, and include most of the original furnishings. In 1956, Heurich&#39;s widow deeded the house to the Historical Society of Washington, D.C. In 2003 the Historical Society moved out of the house, putting the house on the open market. Amid rumours of plans to repurpose the house, it was bought and converted into a museum to preserve the original interiors. The museum is open for public tours Thursday, Friday and Saturday at 11:30, 1:00 and 2:30.</p><br>
<h2>Christian Heurich</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1842 in the village of Haina, near the town of Römhild, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen (in the region of Thuringia), Christian was the third of four children born to Casper and Marguerite (née Fuchs) Heurich. Christian&#39;s father, was the local innkeeper which included being a butcher and brewer. Christian learned the trade from his father, in addition to several apprenticeships in his youth. By the time Christian was fourteen years both of his parents died, leaving him orphaned. He traveled throughout Europe until his older sister, Elizabeth Jacobsen, who was living in Baltimore, Maryland, convinced him to emigrate to the United States, where he would have a better chance of fulfilling his dream of starting his own brewery; he arrived in June 1866, initially joining his sister in Baltimore. In 1872, Christian went into a partnership with a man named Paul Ritter. Together, they leased a brewery from George Schnell at 1219 20th Street, NW Washington, D.C. Within a year, Mr. Schnell had died and the partnership between the two men had dissolved. In his 1934 autobiography, Aus meinem Leben Heurich writes that he was the one that did most of the labor of brewing, while Schnell entertained customers. Christian married the widow of Mr. Schnell, Amelia Mueller Schnell on September 9, 1873. In 1884, Amelia died of pneumonia.</p><br>
<p>in 1887, Christian married for the second time to Mathilde Daetz. It was with Mathilde that he built their lavish mansion at 1307 New Hampshire Avenue NW Mathilde worked very closely with the interior designers of the house, The Huber Brothers, NYC. Sadly, due to miscarriage and a carriage accident, Mathilde died in 1895, leaving Christian a widower once again. Christian threw himself into his work, creating an empire in the capital city. In 1894 he opened his new, fireproof brewery which had a capacity for 500,000 barrels of beer a year. The brewery, which rested on the Potomac River is now the site of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The Christian Heurich Brewing Company was the second largest employer in Washington D.C. during this time, apart from the Federal Government. In 1899, Christian married Amelia Louise Keyser, the niece and namesake of his first wife. Twenty-nine years her senior, together they had four children, three of whom survived into adulthood, Christian Heurich Jr, Anna Marguerite (died as infant), Anita Augusta and Karla Louise. Together, they had a long marriage until Christian Heurich Sr died in 1945 at the age of 102.</p><br>
<p>Petite Martinique is one of the islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique, which is a dependency of Grenada.</p><br>
<p>It is 2½ miles away from Carriacou. With its 586 acre and population of 900, it is smaller than Carriacou. Petite Martinique is much smaller, comprising about 9.8% of the total area and 30% of the entire population which is estimated at 10,000. The residents of this island live by boat-building, fishing and seafaring.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first European founder of the island of Petite Martinique was a French fisherman called Mr. Pierre from Martinique. In the early 1700s, Mr. Pierre, left his home island of Martinique in search for new fertile lands to plant his crops. The island was owned by him and his wife (Madame Pierre), their children and their slaves. Hence, the largest village was named Madame Pierre after the wife of the French owner. It is thought that he figured that the isle was shaped roughly like Martinique so he named it Petite (little) Martinique.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial history</h3><br>
<p>On 27th Sep 1650, Jacques du Parquet bought Grenada from the Compagnie des Iles de l&#39;Amerique, which was dissolved, for the equivalent of £1160. In 1657, Jacques du Parquet sold Grenada to the Comte de Cerrillac for the equivalent of £1890. In 1664, King Louis XIV bought out the independent island owners and established the French West India Company. In 1674 the French West India Company was dissolved. Proprietary rule ended in Grenada, which became a French crown colony.</p><br>
<p>Petite Martinique was part of the French colony in 1762. It was part of the British Grenada colony from 1763-1779 and 1783-1974. It was part of French Grenada colony from 1779-1783. It has been a dependency of Grenada since 1974.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>The majority of the inhabitants today are of Indian, Scottish, Portuguese, French and African descent. There still is a British influence on the island as it was colonised by the British Empire and it is part of Grenada, a Commonwealth state. There is still a French influence which is demonstrated in village names, such as L&#39;Esterre, La Resource, Beausejour, and others. However, the local French creole is only spoken by older islanders.</p><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Church was the first Roman Catholic church on Petite Martinique and the first wooden building. It was destroyed by a hurricane in the 1940s and the Church standing today was built in 1947.</p><br>
<p>Though Hurricane Ivan in 2004 dealt a devastating blow to the island of Grenada, remarkably, Carriacou and Petite Martinique suffered significantly less damage. However, in 2005, Hurricane Emily hit Carriacou, damaging and forcing evacuation of its only hospital and destroying or damaging hundreds of homes.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Petite Martinique RC School is the only school in the island, so other schoolchildren travel by boat to schools in nearby Carriacou.</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine&#39;s Catholic Church is an historic Gothic Revival-style Roman Catholic church building located on North Hanover Street in Minster, Ohio, United States. Located in the region of western Ohio known as the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches," the church was built in 1848. In 1874, the building was modified with the construction of twin Gothic spires designed by Anton Goehr.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century, St. Augustine was one of the three mother churches for the Society of the Precious Blood that served the Catholics of the region; it kept this position until the end of the century, and it is the only one of the three yet remaining. While many other churches in the region were built in the middle of the nineteenth century, few remain today, and only St. Augustine and St. John&#39;s to the northeast are yet used as parish churches.</p><br>
<p>On July 26, 1979, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the "Cross-Tipped Churches of Ohio" multiple property submission. Today, St. Augustines and St. Josephs Church in nearby Egypt constitute the Minster Cluster of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The church interior is adorned with stained windows depicting Christ and saints.</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine</p><br>
<p>St. Gaspar del Bufalo</p><br>
<p>St. John Bosco</p><br>
<p>St. John the Evangelist</p><br>
<p>St. Rose of Lima</p><br>
<p>Jesus as the Good Shepherd</p><br>
<p>The church ceiling is decorated with frescos depicting the life of Christ and a scene in Heaven.</p><br>
<p>The Trinity and the Communion of Saints</p><br>
<p>Adoration of the shepherds</p><br>
<p>The Annunciation</p><br>
<p>The Agony in the Garden</p><br>
<p>The Crucifixion of Jesus</p><br>
<p>The Entombment of Jesus</p><br>
<p>The Resurrection of Jesus</p><br>
<p>Gap View Farm, near Charles Town, West Virginia, is a historic farm complex built in 1774. The farm was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 9, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of name</h2><br>
<p>The property gets its name from its view of the gap in the Blue Ridge made by the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Walter Baker came to then, Berkeley County, Virginia, in 1770 and began clearing the property. A small limestone house was built by Baker in 1750, on property that was granted to Henry Lloyd by Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. The main house of the farm was built by Baker in 1774. At Bakers death in 1820, the property was sold by Bakers widow, Jacobina, to James L. Ranson. When Ranson fell on hard times, he sold it to Parker Strode in 1868. In 1871, the property was acquired by Charles Aglionby, who owned the adjoining Mount Pleasant estate and a portion of Media Farm. Over time the house was expanded in four phases. In 1937, the farm was again sold to a family by the name of Barlett.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the farm was purchased by World War I veteran Frank Buckles and his wife Audrey (who died in 1999). Their daughter Susannah was born there in 1955, and she returned to live there after her mother&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>On January 9, 1997, the farm and property were placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Susannah Mayo Buckles, daughter of Frank Buckles, runs the day-to-day operations of the farm and has made the farm more eco-friendly. In May 2008, volunteers planted over 1,000 trees and shrubs on the farm.</p><br>
<p>Many local agencies have worked to plant trees and shrubs, as well as wetland species of trees and shrubs, along the property&#39;s stream and wetland areas.</p><br>
<p>Ms. Buckles also installed 15,000 feet of fencing as part land retirement program called the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. The fencing separated the farms conservation areas from the farms other residents, 130 head of cattle.</p><br>
<p>In July 2009, it was announced that the farm was in the running for the West Virginia Conservation Farmer of the Year, though it is unclear if the farm won. The farm had won Jefferson County Conservation Farmer of the Year in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabeth Female Academy, founded in 1818 in the town of Washington, was the first female educational institution in Mississippi. It was named after Mrs. Elizabeth Roach , who donated the land on which the school was located.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The academy received its charter from the State Assembly on February 17, 1819. The school was operated by Methodists, spiritual culture was emphasized over training for a profession. The curriculum included chemistry, biology, natural and moral philosophy, botany and Latin, among other subjects. John James Audubon taught drawing there in May and June 1822.</p><br>
<p>The school closed in 1845, due in part to the relocation of the state capital from Natchez to Jackson, the general shift in the center of population, and several epidemics of yellow fever in the area. The site was reduced to ruins by a fire in the late 1870s. Part of a brick wall is all that now remains of the Academy buildings.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Academy was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Notable faculty and alumnae</h2><br>
<p>Varina Howell Davis</p><br>
<p>The Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home is a historic house museum at 419 Seventh Street in Augusta, Georgia. Built in 1859, it was a childhood home of Woodrow Wilson , the 28th president of the United States and proponent of the League of Nations. The house is owned and operated by Historic Augusta, Inc., and was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 6, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wilson Boyhood Home is located in downtown Augusta, at the northern corner of Telfair and Seventh Streets. It stands adjacent to the Joseph R. Lamar Boyhood Home, which now serves as the visitors center for the house, and diagonally across the street corner from the First Presbyterian Church, for which it served as a manse. It is a two story brick structure, with a side gable roof, five-bay front facade, and a pair of end chimneys. Located behind the house are a service building and carriage house, built about the same time of the house, also out of load-bearing brick. The main facade has a center entrance, sheltered by a portico supported by paired Tuscan columns. The entry is framed by sidelight windows and topped by a transom window. The interior has been restored to a c. 1860 appearance, and is decorated with period furnishings and Wilson memorabilia. One of the bedroom windows has the name "Tom" etched in it; this is believed to have been made by Wilson, whose first name was Thomas, and he was called "Tom" or "Tommy" as a child.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1859, and from 1860 to 1872 it was the home of Dr. Joseph Ruggles Wilson, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, and his family, which included his son Thomas, born 1856 in Virginia. The younger Wilson spent his formative years here, experiencing the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed. Wilson, later USA president from 1913-1921, was profoundly affected by these experiences.</p><br>
<p>The property remained the manse of the church, housing its ministers, until 1929, by which time the building had undergone a number of alterations and modernizing updates, but was in poor condition. After passing through a number of owners and uses, the property was purchased at auction by Historic Augusta in 1991, which then spent ten years painstakingly restoring it to its 1860 appearance. It was opened as a house museum in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Wolf Mountains Battlefield/Where Big Crow Walked Back and Forth was the site of the Battle of Wolf Mountain, the last major combat of the Great Sioux War of 1876-77. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Great Sioux War was about the desire of settlers and prospectors to encroach on the land assured to the Sioux by treaty. Both sides allegedly perpetrated encroachments on or off the reservation. The Battle of Rosebud and the tribal victory at Little Big Horn on June 25, 1876 were in the early part of the war. The ability of the tribes to wage war for an extended time was undermined by their inability to amass food stores to get them through the winter at the same time.</p><br>
<p>On January 7, 1877, soldiers established an encampment to the west of the river on the eastern half of the battlefield. The encampment was backed by tall bluffs. The Battle of Wolf Mountains took place on January 8, 1877. On January 9, a rifle pit was constructed by F Company, Twenty-second infantry at a lookout site atop a rock wall. The rifle pit can still be seen, and is the only contributing structure on the site.</p><br>
<p>Crazy Horse and his Oglala band together with the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors fighting with him had an initial position atop a canyon wall on the east side of the river, and were able to rain rifle fire down upon the soldiers. They were later driven from this position by the soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Both sides suffered some injury and loss of life. The Cheyenne medicine man Big Crow was among those who died here. The battle and the ensuing freezing temperatures and starvation so weakened the tribal coalition, that by May 6, 1877, Crazy Horse and his men surrendered, ending the conflict.</p><br>
<h2>Battlefield Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The battlefield is located in the Tongue River Valley, near Birney, Montana. The river runs through a series of deep curves in an overall northeasterly direction. Within the National Historic Landmark, the river runs alternately through flood plains and along towering rock walls. The battlefield runs along the river for around two miles and spans the width of the valley for about two-and-a-half miles. In addition to the river, there are also streams running through the battlefield. In spite of the modern intrusion of two unpaved roads, a series of utility wires and poles, the agricultural use of the area, and growth of trees and vegetation, it retains much of the look and feel it would have had at the time of the battle. Potential archeological exploration may be hindered by the history of searches by relic hunters with metal detectors.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001,</p><br>
<p>The site is potentially threatened by development of coal bed methane production. A Northern Cheyenne Nation report in 2006 stated:</p><br>
<p>"Steve Brady discussed the status of the Rosebud Battlefield State Park. The purpose of holding such an event is to (1) commemorate two battles that do not receive as much attention as the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and to (2) educate people about the potential coal bed methane development on and near the historic and cultural sites of the Rosebud Battlefield and the Battle of Wolf Mountains site. Brady updated the Indian and non-Indian audience of the Rosebud Battlefield’s status in becoming a National Historic Landmark, on the same level as the Little Bighorn Battlefield."</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark by signature of the Secretary of the Interior on October 7, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Saint Andrews Memorial Episcopal Church is a church located at 5105 Anthony Wayne Drive in Detroit, Michigan. As of 2008, it is used by Wayne State University and referred to as St. Andrews Hall; street layout changes have re-indexed the address to 918 Ludington Mall. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Andrew&#39;s parish, founded in 1885, was one of the earliest religious institutions established in what is now the University-Cultural Center section of Detroit. There was some delay in construction, but the church was completed in 1902.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, the church burned due to an electrical fire; it was repaired six years later, It served the Episcopalian parish for a number of years until, after World War II, the surrounding population began an exodus to the suburbs. In 1961, the diocese leased the building to Wayne State University for 99 years. The University uses it as a student chapel and a concert hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. Andrews displays the straight, vertical and horizontal lines characteristic of Ralph Adams Crams work. The exterior is constructed of Bedford limestone, with Berea sandstone trimmings and minimal decorative stonework. Rows of massive columns grace the nave, and an enormous window is inset behind the altar.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Intermediate School is a school building located at 938 Selden Street in Detroit, Michigan. It is also known as Jefferson Junior High School or Jefferson School. The school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. Since 2013, the school has been occupied by Experiencia Preparatory Academy a school that serves children in grades K - 11th.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site on which the Jefferson School sits was purchased by the city of Detroit in 1869, and an elementary school was built on the property in 1873 at a cost of $60,000. In 1915, additional lots to the west were purchased for a playground. However, the old school was considered dilapidated, and in 1922, the city tore it down and began construction of the building now occupying the site.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s, the Lodge Freeway was constructed, running directly to the west of the school through what was once the playground. As of 2008, the building has been rehabilitated and served as a public charter school, Experiencia Preparatory Academy. Experienca closed in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jefferson School is a three story rectangular Tudor Revival school building, finished with brick and limestone, with a flat roof. The front facade has a stone-faced foundation, and is divided into three sections. The center section protrudes slightly, and the two flanking sections make up a nearly symmetrical facade. Each end of the central section projects slightly farther than the main body and protrudes above the roofline, forming a pair of "towers." Between the "towers," the center section is divided into five bays with a continuous stone water table running through them. Each bay has a two story window sitting on the water table, with a decorative stone transom at the first story level and three windows on the third story. The center section is topped with a stone cornice and brick parapet wall.</p><br>
<p>The two flanking sections are also divided into five bays each. The left hand section has two outer bays which protrude slightly, and an inner bay containing an arched stone entryway which protrudes from the facade. At the second and third story above the entrance are pairs of windows. The outermost bay contains a similar entryway, but constructed of stone, and with a five sided bay window with a shaped parapet. The right-hand section nearly mirrors the left-hand section, but without the second entrance and bay window. The three central bays in each section contain three-story windows with decorative stone spandrels on the second and third floors.</p><br>
<p>The interior originally contained 53 rooms. Utilities are located in the basement under the main section. The upper three floors of the schools have a similar arrangement, with larger rooms located near the center, a U-shaped hallway, and smaller rooms on either side. The first floor</p><br>
<p>contained an auditorium, as well as a conference room, shop rooms, a science room, and other classrooms. The second floor contained a gymnasium, a teachers work room, administrative office, art/design and sewing room, and general classrooms. The third floor contained a library, lunch room, cooking housekeeping, and typewriting rooms, and more general classrooms.</p><br>
<p>Azurest South, the home and workplace of Amaza Lee Meredith  is one of the few examples in Virginia, United States of the Post World War I German style: International Style. Meredith was the founder of the fine arts department of Virginia State University in 1930. She shared the home with her companion, Dr. Edna Meade Colson, dean of the Virginia State University School of Education. When Meredith died, she left half of the propertys interest to the Virginia State University National Alumni Association, and after Colsons death, the association purchased the other half of the estate.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Azurest South displays "a fascination with modernity, a familiarity with new materials and construction details, and a love of nature." The building is located in a dell on the eastern edge of campus.</p><br>
<p>San Secondo is a small deserted island located in the Venetian Lagoon, northern Italy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1034 the Baffo family built a church and a convent for Benedictine nuns, with the task to keep a holy image of St. Erasmus. The current name dates to 1237, when the relics of St. Secundus were brought here from Asti. In 1533 the Benedictines were replaced by Dominicans and in 1566 it became a lazzaretto. Starting from 1569, after a fire in the Venetian arsenal, the Republic of Venice moved a powder store here.</p><br>
<p>In 1806 the Dominicans where expelled in the wake of the Napoleonic conquest of Venice. In 1824, all the buildings on the island were demolished and it was occupied by a military garrison. Today the island is completely deserted, and only the small ruins of a redoubt may still be seen.</p><br>
<p>Duffields Depot is a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station on the National Register of Historic Places, located in the village of Duffields, West Virginia, near Shenandoah Junction. Built in 1839, the depot is the second oldest surviving B&O depot. Only the Ellicott City Station in Ellicott City, Maryland is older. The depot and its enviroins were a significant focus of activity during the American Civil War, culminating in the "Greenback Raid" of 1864.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Flowing Springs Road the main road where it crosses the railroad tracks, on Melvin Road, which parallels the tracks. The depot is in two parts, a stone 1-1/2 story gable-roofed structure and a 1-1/2 story wood-framed addition. The stone structure is built into a slope in the manner of a bank barn with the main level on the same grade as the road, falling away on the side facing the tracks. The basement has gradually filled with silt, whose surface is within two feet of the bottoms of the first floor joists. This section is two bays wide. An interior chimney serves two fireplaces. The walls are built of local limestone with irregular coursing. The addition extends to the west for two bays, continuing the stone building&#39;s gable roof, but without a basement. The frame section had a porch on the north side that extended part-way into the stone side.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the stone section is mainly intact, though much of the plaster has been lost. The first floor of the stone section appears to have been divided lengthways into two long, narrow rooms, with a finished attic above. The room on the track side has built-in cupboards and pilaster trim. Much of the wood trim remains in this area. The wood section comprises three rooms, two on the track side and one on the road side, with plaster and simple trim. The attic in this section has two rooms with low windows in the kneewalls. The roof has failed in this area and the plaster is extensively damaged.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere on the property, a shed and an outhouse were built in the 1930s. The outhouse is a standard Works Progress Administration design.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Duffields was a local stop on the B&O line, serving a rural market. The depot was built as a private venture, and was never owned by the railroad, which had its own station on the other side of the tracks from about 1883 to 1942. Richard Duffield was paid $2500 in compensation for the railroads right-of-way through his land. Duffield used the money to build the depot with the railroads blessing, as the railroad preferred to use its capital for the line and to make use of such private depots wherever it could. The depot housed the B&O station master&#39;s living and working quarters.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War the station was the scene of fighting. The depot and its surroundings were guarded by Union forces throughout the war. However, John S. Mosbys 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry briefly captured the depot on June 29, 1864. On October 14, 1864 Mosbys rangers cut the tracks and derailed a train near Duffields, in what became known as the "Greenback Raid." Mosby took more than $150,000 in Federal cash from the train.</p><br>
<p>The depot property was purchased by Duffield Station, Inc. with a long-term goal of restoration for a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 2007</p><br>
<p>Cool Spring Farm, located near Charles Town, West Virginia was first established along Bullskin Run around 1750. The Federal style second house on the property, built in 1813, is extant, with a Greek Revival–influenced third house, built in 1832 that shows the evolution of the farmstead. The farm is significant as an example of agricultural development in the Bullskin Run district and as examples of Greek Revival and Federal style vernacular design.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The farm complex is sited to the south of Bullskin Run. The principal buildings are the stone 1813 house, the frame 1832 house, several outbuildings and a remnant of a bank barn, now enclosed with modern construction. The 1832 house is the main house, located on a hill overlooking the stream and the remainder of the complex. The house features rooms on either side of a center stair hall, with a service extension to the rear, now extended with modern construction. The upper level mattches the lower leverl. The clabboarded house is on a limestone foundation, with brick chimneys at either end. The front porch was added in the 1890s. The 1813 stone house is a one-story, four-bay structure built in local limestone, using large stone blocks. The interior presently has two rooms, with traces of greater subdivision in the past. The spring house is from the same era, built in stone. Other buildings date to the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lands surrounding Cool Spring Farm were first surveyed in 1734. Joshua Haines, a Quaker from New Jersey, bought a 700 acreportion of the lands in 1750 from Benjamin Borden, Jr. of Augusta, Virginia. In 1752 his brother Abraham bought 314 are from Joshua. An adjoining 422 acre tract was sold in 1750 to George Washington. The following year a deed of partition adjusted the boundary between the Haines and Washington lands. The property passed to Mary Haines Collett and her husband Daniel, while the Washington property became Bushrod Washington&#39;s Rock Hall estate. The Colletts sold their property i 1812 or 1813 to one or both of the Myers brothers, John and Jacob. At about this time the stone Federal house was built on the property. The land was sold again in 1830 by John and Susannah Myers to Thomas Griggs, Jr., who built the Greek Revival house.</p><br>
<p>In 1857 Griggs sold the farm, then 146 acre, to Ambrose Timberlake. The property, unlike many in Jefferson County, was not greatly affected during the American Civil War. In 1869 the farm passed to Adam Young. The Young family kept the property for almost 100 years. By 1925 they had named it Cool Spring Farm. In 1944 the Young family sold the farm to the Blakely Corporation. Three months later the property, now at 124 acre was sold to the Victor Product Corporation. This company was owned by Raymond Funkhouser, whose hobby was buying and restoring properties in the area that had been owned by the Washington family. Funkhouser leased the adjoining Rock Hall farm, which had been Washington property. The property was sold in 1951 and has passed through several hands, with the overall acreage reduced to 68 acre.</p><br>
<p>Cool Spring Farm was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 27, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Terminal is a former railway complex located at 306 West Depot Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. The complex, which includes a passenger terminal and express depot adjacent to a large railyard, was built in 1903 by the Southern Railway. Both the terminal and depot were designed by noted train station architect Frank Pierce Milburn . In 1985, the terminal complex, along with several dozen warehouses and storefronts in the adjacent Old City and vicinity, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Southern Terminal and Warehouse Historic District.</p><br>
<p>During the 1850s, the arrival of the railroad&mdash; namely the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad and its predecessor lines&mdash; transformed Knoxville from a small river town of just over 2,000 residents to one of the southeast&#39;s major wholesaling centers. Wholesaling firms built dozens of large warehouses along Jackson Avenue and adjacent streets, where smalltown merchants from across East Tennessee would purchase goods and supplies to resell at rural general stores. which in turn became part of the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Southern Terminal complex and the adjacent railyard lie at the north end of Knoxville&#39;s downtown area, occupying a natural declivity about 15 ft below the adjacent street levels. The tracks run in a southwest-to-northeast direction, roughly parallel to Jackson Avenue on the south and Depot Avenue on the north. The railyard, which consists of eleven parallel tracks at its widest point, stretches from Broadway on the southwest to Central Street on the northeast. Gay Street crosses the railyard via the Gay Street Viaduct.</p><br>
<p>The terminal station and express depot sit on the north side of the tracks, at the intersection of Gay Street and Depot Avenue. Several large early-20th-century warehouses rise between Jackson Avenue and the south side of the tracks, with the buildings&#39; loading docks facing the tracks and storefronts facing Jackson Avenue. The Old City, a neighborhood that developed along with the railroad in the latter half of the 19th century, is concentrated around the intersection of Central Street and Jackson Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early railroad development</h3><br>
<p>Mountain barriers were an impediment to economic development in East Tennessee throughout the first half of the 19th century, and as early as the 1830s, Knoxville&#39;s leaders considered the railroad a solution to this isolation. Among the earliest proposals was the Hiwassee Railroad, conceived by several Athens, Tennessee-based businessmen, which would connect Knoxville with the Charleston and Hamburg line in Dalton, Georgia, and provide a link to the Atlantic Coast. After struggling with finances for nearly a decade, the Hiwassee was rechartered as the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, and construction began in 1848. The first train rolled into Knoxville on June 22, 1855.</p><br>
<p>What is now the Southern Terminal and railyard was originally a swamp known as the "Flag Pond," which Knoxvillians considered a health threat and long sought to drain. The company built a roundhouse and machine shops where the Southern Terminal complex now stands. By 1858, another rail line, the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, had been completed, connecting Knoxville with Bristol.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the railroad in East Tennessee provided a vital link in the supply line between Confederate forces in Virginia and the Deep South, and thus became a target of Union forces from the war&#39;s earliest days. On November 8, 1861, Unionist guerillas destroyed five railroad bridges across East Tennessee, forcing Confederate authorities to invoke martial law in the region. In June 1863, General William P. Sanders conducted a raid of the Knoxville area in which he destroyed tracks from Knoxville to Lenoir Station, and burned a railroad bridge in Strawberry Plains. In November 1863, Union forces burned the Roundhouse and machine shops to prevent Confederate forces from capturing them.</p><br>
<p>East Tennessee and Georgia president Campbell Wallace, an ardent Confederate, accused the pro-Union Knoxville Whig editor William "Parson" Brownlow of instigating the November 1861 bridge-burning conspiracy, and demanded he be hanged. After the war, when Brownlow was governor of Tennessee, he seized control of the railroad, claiming Wallace had "basely prostituted" the line to the Confederate cause. Ironically, it was an ex-Confederate, Charles McClung McGhee, who formed a syndicate which bought the East Tennessee and Georgia and the East Tennessee and Virginia lines, and merged the two into the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad in 1869.</p><br>
<h3>The East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad</h3><br>
<p>The railroads impact on Knoxvilles development was swift. The citys population more than doubled from just over 2,000 in 1850 to over 4,000 in 1860. After the war, the citys wholesaling sector expanded rapidly. By the early 1870s, the Knoxville wholesaling firm, Cowan, McClung and Company, was Tennessee&#39;s most profitable company. The railroad also brought heavy industry to the city, such as the Knoxville Iron Company, Knoxville Woolen Mills, and Brookside Mills. The railroad aided the rise the Tennessee marble industry, with eleven quarries in operation in Knox County alone by 1882.</p><br>
<p>Under the direction of McGhee and New York financier Richard T. Wilson, the ETV&G expanded rapidly. During the 1870s, the company completed lines to Kentucky and through the rugged French Broad valley into North Carolina. It also purchased lines in Georgia and Alabama. By 1890, the ETV&G controlled 2,500 mi of tracks in five states.</p><br>
<h3>The Southern Railway</h3><br>
<p>In 1894, financier J. P. Morgan and several investors purchased the ETV&G and the Richmond and Danville Railroad, and consolidated the two into the Southern Railway. In 1925, Southern built the vast John Sevier railyard east of Knoxville, which is still used today by Norfolk Southern as a classification yard.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, Southern hired architect Frank Pierce Milburn (1868&ndash;1926) to design a series of new train stations across the South, including the new terminal in Knoxville. The new Knoxville terminal opened to the public in 1903 and the similar express depot opened in 1907.</p><br>
<p>At its height, the Southern Terminal was servicing 26 passenger trains daily. With the rise of automobile and bus travel, however, passenger rail service declined. After World War II, the Southern was operating eight expresses and twelve local lines out of Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>Named trains making stops at the terminal, into the 1960s:</p><br>
<p>Birmingham Special --New York to Birmingham, and branch to Memphis</p><br>
<p>Carolina Special --Cincinnati to Greensboro, and branch to Charleston</p><br>
<p>Pelican --New York to New Orleans</p><br>
<p>Tennessean --Washington to Memphis</p><br>
<p>By 1956, the local lines had been eliminated, and most of the expresses were eliminated by the late 1960s. The last regularly scheduled passenger train left the Southern Terminal on August 12, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Southern Terminal and Warehouse Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Southern Terminal and Warehouse Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 for its late-19th- and early-20th-century commercial architecture and its role in Knoxvilles railroad-based commerce and wholesaling industry. The district includes the Southern Terminal complex, all of West Jackson Avenue, the 100 blocks of East Jackson, North and South Central, and South Gay, parts of State Street and Vine Avenue, and the former White Lily plant on Depot. Several buildings in the district, namely Sullivans Saloon (100 E. Jackson) and the warehouse buildings at 121-123, 122-124, 125-127, and 129-131 West Jackson, were previously listed on the Register in the 1970s as the Jackson Avenue Warehouse District.</p><br>
<p>There were originally 75 contributing buildings and structures in the Southern Terminal district,</p><br>
<h3>Southern Passenger Terminal and Express Depot</h3><br>
<p>The passenger terminal station and express depot, both designed in the same vernacular style with Classical Revival influence, were completed in 1903 and 1907, respectively, and are notable for their signature corbel-stepped gabled roofs. The terminal building is two-and-a-half stories, with the lower level originally containing the dining rooms, baggage check, express and mail rooms, and the upper level originally housing the ticketing and waiting rooms. A bridge connects the upper level with Depot Avenue. The building originally included a clock tower, which was removed in 1945, apparently due to structural problems.</p><br>
<p>The express depot consists of a -story central section flanked by two 1-story wings. The design of the central section matches the design of the adjacent passenger terminal building. Part of the depot&#39;s east wing has been removed to create an open courtyard. The main terminal building is now used for office space while the express depot is used as a meeting venue by a local caterer.</p><br>
<h3>Patrick Sullivan's Saloon</h3><br>
<p>Sullivans Saloon (100 E. Jackson) is a two-story Romanesque Revival building with Queen Anne elements constructed by saloonkeeper Patrick Sullivan (1841&ndash;1925) in 1888. Sullivan, who immigrated from Ireland with his parents in the 1850s, established his saloon in what is now the Old City just after the Civil War. The saloon initially operated out of a wooden building before being replaced by the current elaborate brick structure. The building housed a saloon until 1907, when it was forced to close due to citywide Prohibition. The saloon was home to Patrick Sullivans Steakhouse and Saloon from 1988 to 2011. The building has been called the "best extant example of a downtown saloon in the southeastern United States." The building was sold early in 2014 and as of August 2014 was undergoing a significant exterior and interior renovation.</p><br>
<h3>Other notable buildings</h3><br>
<p>200 East Jackson, a two-story Vernacular Commercial warehouse building, constructed circa 1910. This building is currently home to Barley&#39;s Taproom.</p><br>
<p>121-123 West Jackson, sometimes called the Carhart Building, a -story brick warehouse building with a Romanesque Revival facade, built around 1900. The Carhart Building was designed by the Knoxville architectural firm, Baumann Brothers, and is named for H.B. Carhart and Company, a grocery wholesaler established in 1877. 121 West Jackson is currently home to Crush, a shop that specializes in retro rock fashion.</p><br>
<p>120-122 West Jackson, a five-story vernacular brick warehouse building constructed circa 1900.</p><br>
<p>124 West Jackson, a five-story brick warehouse building with Romanesque Revival facade constructed circa 1900. This building may have originally been occupied by Powers, Little and Company, a clothing wholesaler established in 1892.</p><br>
<p>125 West Jackson, a 3.5-story brick building with a Classical Revival facade, constructed circa 1890. During the 1890s, this building was occupied by two wholesale grocers, Hazen and Lotspeich, and Knaffl and Locke, the latter cofounded by Rudolph Knaffl, a brother of photographer Joseph Knaffl. Its current tenants include Remedy Coffee.</p><br>
<p>JFG Flats (200 West Jackson), a six-story concrete building constructed in 1920, and used for several decades by the JFG Coffee Company. The company&#39;s large neon sign still stands atop the building, which now houses residential flats.</p><br>
<p>203 West Jackson, a one-story, 20-bay brick freight depot originally constructed circa 1870. In the late 1990s, this building was extensively renovated by its current occupant, Heuristic Workshop.</p><br>
<p>McClung Warehouses (501-525 West Jackson), built for the wholesale firm, C.M. McClung and Company. The buildings at 517-521 were constructed in 1911, and the building at 525 was added in 1927. Several of the warehouse buildings burned in 2007. Another two alarm blaze engulfed additional portions of the McClung Warehouses on 1 February 2014 and the City of Knoxville was forced to demolish one of the remaining structures.</p><br>
<p>The Emporium Building (102-106 South Gay), a three-story Renaissance Revival warehouse constructed in 1898 by the Sterchi Brothers Company, a regional furniture wholesaler.</p><br>
<p>Sterchi Lofts (114-116 South Gay), a ten-story warehouse and office building constructed in 1921 and designed by architect R. F. Graf. The building was used as a warehouse until the late 20th century by the furnture company, Sterchi Brothers, and now houses downtown residential lofts.</p><br>
<p>Commerce Building (120-126 South Gay), a four-story Italianate building constructed in the early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>White Lily Foods Company building (106 Depot), a four-story brick factory originally constructed in 1885 and experienced routine expansions. White Lily operated out of this building until 2008. The building has been converted into loft apartments that first opened in February 2015.</p><br>
<p>The 100 blocks of North and South Central contain nearly two dozen commercial buildings constructed circa 1880&mdash;1925, ranging from one to three stories. These buildings were once part of a vice-ridden section of Knoxville known as "The Bowery," which once stretched along Central from the tracks to the river. Most of these buildings were renovated in the 1980s and 1990s, and the neighborhood was renamed the "Old City."</p><br>
<p>St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church is in the Forest Park neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rise of Detroit brought a number of Polish immigrants into the city in the 19th century; by the mid-1850s, the number of Polish families who had settled in the city was significant. These Polish immigrants were primarily from the Prussian-controlled sections of the partitioned Poland, and naturally settled in and near the German-speaking sections of Detroit. They were joined, after the American Civil War, by Kashubian immigrants from what is now northwestern Poland. Many of these Poles and Kashubians first attended St. Joseph&#39;s, which was at the time a German-speaking church. However, the Polish congregants were dissatisfied, and agitated for a Polish church.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, aided by Father Simon Wieczorek, the Poles took steps to organize their own parish. That same year, the parish purchased a plot of land, 100 feet wide and 270 feet deep, on the western side of St. Aubin Avenue and what is now East Canfield Street. They hired architect John Wiesenhoffèr, and construction of a frame church began in 1872.</p><br>
<p>The church was dedicated to St. Wojciech; early pastors borrowed the erroneous Latin equivalent Adalbertus, which is St. Albertus or St. Albert in English. The establishment of St. Albertus led to an influx of Poles into the immediate neighborhood in order to be close to the church. This influx resulted in Detroit&#39;s first Polish neighborhood, known among Detroiters as "Poletown".</p><br>
<p>St. Albertus went through four pastors until, in 1882, the charismatic Father was appointed to the post. Appealing to his parishioners&#39; national pride, he urged the construction of a larger church. The parish contracted architect Henry Engelbert to design a church to seat 2500 people, and the Spitzely Brothers of Detroit to build it for a cost of $61,000. Construction began in 1883, and the church was dedicated on July 4, 1885. At the time, the St. Albertus was the largest Catholic church in Michigan, and was the first in the City of Detroit to feature steam heat and electrical lighting.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, Kolasinski was a very controversial priest, and in November 1885 the parish became factionalized which resulted in his suspension. Kolasinski initially refused to leave his post, appealing his suspension to the bishop. However, pressure was brought to bear, and Kolasinski eventually left Detroit for a pastorate in the Dakota Territory.</p><br>
<p>Kolasinski&#39;s followers, however, remained estranged from the other St. Albertus congregants, and established their own church school. When John Samuel Foley became Bishop of Detroit in 1888, Kolasinski returned to the city and established the Parish of the Sweetest Heart of Mary outside the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese. Although subsequent years in the parish have been less tumultuous, St. Albertus is the mother church of more than 30 Polish Catholic churches, including Sweetest Heart of Mary, St. Josaphat, and St. Stanislaus.</p><br>
<p>A rectory building was constructed adjacent to the church in 1891 and a school was built immediately behind the church in 1917, replacing two earlier school buildings. The parish was closed in 1990 as part of a reorganization by the Archdiocese of Detroit. The church still hosts monthly masses in Polish, English, and Latin, and is open for tours and weddings.</p><br>
<p>Rev. John A. Lemke, who was born in Detroit on February 10, 1866 as the son of Prussian-Polish immigrants, was the first native-born Roman Catholic priest of Polish descent to be ordained in the United States. He was baptized at nearby St. Mary&#39;s Church and attended St. Albertus for his primary education.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. Albertus is a brick building 200 ft long and 70 ft wide, with a spire originally 280 ft tall. The original spire was shortened after being damaged in a windstorm on Good Friday of 1913.</p><br>
<p>Contrasting with the plain brick of the exterior, the interior of St. Albertus has an ornate Medieval flair. The altars, baptismal font, and the wainscot are made of patterned terra-cotta. The ceiling is ornately painted. Sixty-three pieces of painted plaster sculpture are within the church, and the windows are decorated with Medieval-style stained glass.</p><br>
<p>Cold Spring is a house near Shepherdstown, West Virginia, childhood home to two United States Representatives. The house was built by Edward Lucas III and his son, Robert in 1793. It is a two-story house of coursed ashlar stone masonry.</p><br>
<p>Several of Robert and Sarah Rion Lucas&#39; children were notable. Edward Lucas V served as a lieutenant in the War of 1812, then was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1819, 130 and 1831. From 1833 to 1837 he was a US Congressman. Following his political career he was the superintendent of the Harpers Ferry Armory.</p><br>
<p>William Lucas became a lawyer. In 1838 he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, and in 1839 he was elected to Congress. In 1836 he built Rion Hall near Halltown, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>A third brother, Robert, inherited Cold Spring, leaving it to his nephew, Daniel Bedinger Lucas in 1880.</p><br>
<p>The Dixie Valley is an endorheic basin which had plentiful ground water  around which ranches were built. Prior to the US Navy TOPGUN school moving from California to Nevada, the valley was purchased in 1995 for $100 million and is used as an electronic warfare range for nearby Fallon Naval Air Station.</p><br>
<p>The watershed has a floor of greater than 3,000 ft elevation which has both the Lahontan Salt Shrub Basin and Lahontan Playa ecoregions of the Central Basin and Range. At higher elevations the area has Lahontan Sagebrush Slope (west) and Central Nevada High Valley (east) ecoregions that respectively transition to the mountainous Lahontan Upland and Central Nevada Mid-Slope Woodland & Brushland ecoregions (the latter&#39;s summits are Central Nevada Bald Mountain ecoregions). Dixie Valley is distinguished from all of the other valleys in West Central Nevada because it sits at approximately 3300 feet at its lowest point, while even the lowest of the rest of the surrounding valleys are at least at 3800 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Dixie Valley military range</h2><br>
<p>The military range in Dixie Valley is part of the and contains a simulated air defense network, including approximately 20 operational radar installations and many demilitarized armored vehicles have been scattered throughout the area. Most of this area is publicly accessible, with the exception of areas immediately surrounding the radar installations.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Town Mining, Manufacturing, and Improvement Company Building in Ranson, Jefferson County, West Virginia is a Romanesque Revival building that now serves as Ranson&#39;s City Hall. It was built for the Charles Town Mining, Manufacturing and Improvement Company  in 1891 as its headquarters. The CMM&I sought to develop industry in the area that in 1910 became the City of Ranson. The company was formed in 1890 by Roger Preston Chew, Frank Beck, Forrest W. Brown, T.C. Green, W.F. Lippitt, A.W. McDonald and B. C. Washington, with Chew as president. Using 850 acre of land purchased from the Ranson family, a planned community was laid out by D.G. Howell, a Washington, D.C. landscape architect and civil engineer. In 1891 the 3½ story headquarters was built, designed by J.C. Holmes.</p><br>
<p>By 1893 the CMM&I was facing hard times, possibly as a result of the Panic of 1893, and the headquarters was sold to the Board of Education of Charles Town, and served as Charles Town High School from 1893 to 1912. The school was sometimes known as the "Keyhole School" after its distinctive entrance, and as the Wright Denny School. In 1917 the Board of Education sold the school to former mayor Gerard D. Moore, and upon his death the property went to H.C. Getzendanner for $4500. Part of the building was used as a confectionery and the north half became the Ranson Post Office. In 1936 the City of Ranson bought the building for $3000 as its City Hall, although apartments occupied the upper floors until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>. See User:AnomieBOT/docs/TemplateSubster for info.</comment></p><br>
<p>The Garte is a small tributary to the Leine River in Lower Saxony, Germany.</p><br>
<p>The Garte is a 23 km long stream that rises to the east of Weißenborn at an elevation of 303 m amsl. Towns that it runs through or by include Beienrode, Kerstlingerode, Rittmarshausen (where it is joined by the Bernsroder Bach), Wöllmarshausen, Benniehausen (where the Bischhäuser Bach joins it), Klein Lengden (where the Bramke and Eichbach join it), and Diemarden. The stream joins the Leine River south of Göttingen. With a drop of 151 m, the stream averages a bed slope of 6.6‰. The watershed is 87 km². It is classified as a third-order (i.e., lowest) stream according to the German system of body-of-water ranking.</p><br>
<p>The river valley is considered locally as something of a micro-cultural unit, especially solidified by the now-defunct Garte Valley Railway, a 750 mm narrow-gauge railway running from Goettingen to Duderstadt.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>from source to mouth</p><br>
<p>(unnamed stream, from Weißenborn) (L)</p><br>
<p>Glasehauser Bach (R)</p><br>
<p>Moosgrund (L)</p><br>
<p>Bernsroder Bach (R)</p><br>
<p>Bischhäuser Bach (L)</p><br>
<p>Bramke (R)</p><br>
<p>Lengder Bach (R)</p><br>
<p>Eichbach (R)</p><br>
<p>Emmaus Nicopolis  was the Roman name for one of the towns associated with the Emmaus of the New Testament, where Jesus is said to have appeared after his death and resurrection. Emmaus was the seat of the Roman Emmaus Nicopolis was the name of the city from the 3rd century CE until the conquest of Palestine by the Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate in 639. In the modern age, the site was the location of the Palestinian Arab village of Imwas, near the Latrun junction, between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, before its destruction in 1967. The site today is inside Canada Park in Israel, a place maintained by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, although the archaeological site has been cared for by a resident French Catholic community since 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Emmaus Nicopolis appears on Roman geographical maps. The Peutinger Table situates it about 19 mi west of Jerusalem, while the Ptolemy map shows it at a distance of 20 mi from the city. The Emmaus in the Gospel of Luke seems to lie some 7.5 mi from Jerusalem, though a textual minor variant, conserved in Codex Sinaiticus, gives the distance between the New Testament Emmaus and Jerusalem as 160 stadia. The geographical position of Emmaus is described in the Jerusalem Talmud, Tractate Sheviit 9.2:</p><br>
<p>From Bet Horon to the Sea is one domain. Yet is it one domain without regions? Rabbi Johanan said, ‘Still there is Mountain, Lowland, and Valley. From Bet Horon to Emmaus (lit=Emmaum) it is Mountain, from Emmaus to Lydda Lowland, from Lydda to the Sea Valley. Then there should be four stated? They are adjacent’.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name for Emmaus was hellenized during the 2nd century BCE and appears in Jewish and Greek texts in many variations: Ammaus, Ammaum, Emmaus, Emmaum, Maus, Amus, etc.: Άμμαούμ, Άμμαούς, Έμμαούμ, Έμμαούς, אמאוס, אמאום, עמאוס, עמאום, עמוס, מאום, אמהום</p><br>
<p>Emmaus may derive from the Hebrew ḥammaṭ (חמת) meaning "hot spring", and is generally referred to in Hebrew sources as Ḥamtah or Ḥamtān. A spring of Emmaus (Ἐμμαοῦς πηγή), or alternatively a spring of salvation (πηγή σωτήριος) is attested in Greek sources. Emmaus is mentioned by this name in Midrash Zutta for Song of Songs 6,8 and Midrash Rabba for Lamentations 1,45, and in the Midrash Rabba on Ecclesiastes (7:15).</p><br>
<h2>Religious significance</h2><br>
<p>Emmaus is mentioned in the Gospel of Luke as the village where Jesus appeared to his disciples after his crucifixion and resurrection:</p><br>
<p>That very day two of them were going to a village (one hundred and) sixty stadia away from Jerusalem called Emmaus, and they were speaking about all the things that had occurred. And it happened that while they were speaking and debating, Jesus himself drew near and walked with them, but their eyes were prevented from recognizing him … As they approached the village to which they were going, he gave the impression that he was going on further. But they urged him, ‘Stay with us, for it is nearly evening and the day is declining.’ So he went in to stay with them. And it happened that, while he was with them at table, he took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them. With that their eyes were opened and they recognized him.</p><br>
<p>A Christian scholar and writer born in Jerusalem, Julius Africanus, who said he had interviewed descendants of Jesus&#39; relatives, put Emmaus once more on the map. He headed an embassy to Rome and had an interview with the Roman emperor Elagabalus on behalf of Emmaus, then a small Palestinian village (κώμη).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Classic era</h3><br>
<h4>Emmaus</h4><br>
<p>Due to its strategic position, Emmaus played an important administrative, military and economic role in history. The first mention of Emmaus occurs in the 1st book of Maccabees, chapters 3-4, in the context of Judas the Maccabee’s wars against the Greeks (2nd century BCE). The first battles of the Hasmoneans are traditionally believed occurred in this area.</p><br>
<p>During the Hasmonean period, Emmaus became a regional administrative centre (toparchy) in the Ayalon Valley. Josephus Flavius mentions Emmaus in his writings several times. He speaks about the destruction of Emmaus by the Romans in the year 4 BCE. The importance of the city was recognized by the Emperor Vespasian, who established a fortified camp there in 68 CE to house the fifth ("Macedonian") legion, populating it with 800 veterans, though this may refer to Qalunya rather than Emmaus Nicopolis. Archaeological works indicates that the town was cosmopolitan, with a mixed Jewish, pagan and Samaritan population, the presence of the last group being attested by the remains of a Samaritan synagogue.</p><br>
<p>In 130 or 131 CE, the city was destroyed by an earthquake. In 132, the ruins of Emmaus fortress were briefly reconstructed by Judean rebels under Simon Bar Kokhba and used as a hideout during the revolt.</p><br>
<h4>Nikopolis</h4><br>
<p>The city of Nikopolis was founded on the ruins of Emmaus in early 3rd century CE. Soon after it was refounded to become a "city" (πόλις), which quickly became famous, and was given the qualification of Nicopolis.</p><br>
<p>St. Eusebius writes "Emmaus, whence was Cleopas who is mentioned by the Evangelist Luke. Today it is Nicopolis, a famous city of Palestine."</p><br>
<p>In 222 CE, a basilica was erected there, which was rebuilt first by the Byzantines and later modified by the Crusaders.</p><br>
<p>During the Byzantine period Emmaus-Nicopolis became a large city and a bishopric. A substantial church complex was erected on the spot where tradition maintained the apparition of the risen Christ had occurred, a site which then became a place of pilgrimage, and whose ruins are still extant.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>At the time of the Muslim conquest of Palestine, the main encampment of the Arab army was established in Emmaus, when a plague (țaūn) struck, carrying off many of Companions of the Prophet. This first encounter of the Arab armies with the chronic plagues of Syria was later referred to as the plague of Amawās, a and the event marked the decline of Emmaus Nicopolis. A well on the site still bears an inscription reading "the well of the plague" (bir aț-țaūn).</p><br>
<p>During the Crusader period, the Christian presence resumed at Emmaus, and the Byzantine church was restored. However, the memory of the apparition of the risen Jesus at Emmaus also started to be celebrated in three other places in the Holy Land: Motza (c. 4 mi west of Jerusalem), Qubeibe (c. 7 mi northwest of Jerusalem) Abu Ghosh (c. 7 mi west of Jerusalem).</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman era</h3><br>
<p>The Arab village of Amwas was identified once again as the biblical Emmaus and the Roman-Byzantine Nicopolis by scholars in the 19th century, including Edward Robinson(1838–1852), M.-V. Guérin (1868), Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (1874), and J.-B. Guillemot (1880–1887). In addition, a local saint named Blessed Mariam of Jesus Crucified, a nun of the Carmelite monastery of Bethlehem, had a revelation in 1878 in which Jesus appeared to indicate Amwas was the Gospel Emmaus. On the basis of this revelation, the holy place of Emmaus was acquired by the Carmelite order from the Muslims in 1878, excavations were carried out, and the flow of pilgrims to Emmaus-Nicopolis resumed.</p><br>
<h3>British rule</h3><br>
<p>In 1930, the Carmelite Order built a monastery, the House of Peace, on the tract of land purchased in 1878. In November 1947, the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine attributed the area to the Arab State.</p><br>
<h3>Jordanian rule</h3><br>
<p>Israelis and Jordanians fought during the battle of Latrun for the control of this strategic zone which blockaded the road to Jerusalem. As part of the outcome of the war the Palestinian village of Imwas, which lay on the site of Emmaus Nicopolis, fell within the West Bank territory under Jordanian rule.</p><br>
<h3>Israeli rule</h3><br>
<p>In 1967, after the Six Day War the residents of Imwas Israeli forces expelled the population and the village was razed by bulldozers, leaving the Byzantine-crusader church, called in Arabic, al-Kenisah, intact in their cemetery. The Catholic congregation, the Community of the Beatitudes, renovated the site in 1967-1970 and opened the French Center for the Study of the Prehistory of the Land of Israel next to it where they were allowed to settle in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently Canada Park was created in 1973, financed by the Jewish National Fund (JNF) of Canada, and included the plantation of a forest on the rubble of Imwas/Emmaus The site became a favourite picnic ground for Israelis and the Latrun salient an area of Israeli commemoration of its War of Independence.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h2>Identification with the Gospel site</h2><br>
<p>Most manuscripts of the Gospel of Luke which came down to us indicate the distance of 60 stadia (c. 11 km) between Jerusalem and Emmaus. However, there are several manuscripts which state the distance as 160 stadia (31 km). These include the uncial manuscripts א (Codex Sinaiticus), Θ, Ν, Κ, Π, 079 and cursive (minuscule) manuscripts 158, 175, 223, 237, 420, as well as ancient lectionnaries and translations into Latin (some manuscripts of the Vetus Latina, high-quality manuscripts of the Vulgate ), in Aramaic, Georgian and Armenian languages. The version of 60 stadia has been adopted for the printed editions of the Gospel of Luke since the 16th century. The main argument against the version of 160 stadia claims that it is impossible to walk such a distance in one day. In keeping with the principle of Lectio difficilior, lectio verior, the most difficult version is presumed to be genuine, since ancient copyists of the Bible were inclined to change the text in order to facilitate understanding, but not vice versa. One should also note that it is possible to walk from Jerusalem to Emmaus-Nicopolis and back in one day.</p><br>
<p>The ancient Jewish sources (1 Maccabees, Josephus Flavius, Talmud and Midrash) mention only one village called Emmaus in the area of Jerusalem: Emmaus of Ajalon Valley. For example, in the "Jewish War" (4, 8, 1) Josephus Flavius mentions that Vespasian placed the 5th Macedonian Legion in Emmaus. This has been confirmed by archaeologists who have discovered inscribed tombstones of the Legion’s soldiers in the area of Emmaus-Nicopolis. (The village of Motza, located 30 stadia (c. 4 mi) away from Jerusalem, is mentioned in medieval Greek manuscripts of the "Jewish war" of Josephus Flavius (7,6,6) under the name of Ammaus, apparently as a result of copyists’ mistake).</p><br>
<p>The ancient Christian tradition of the Church fathers, as well as pilgrims to the Holy Land during the Roman-Byzantine period, unanimously recognized Nicopolis as the Emmaus in the Gospel of Luke (Origen (presumably), Eusebius of Caesarea, St. Jerome, Hesychius of Jerusalem, Theophanes the Confessor, Sozomen, Theodosius, etc.).</p><br>
<p>The George I. Briggs House, locally referred to as the Briggs-McDermott House, is located along Sandwich Road in Bourne, Massachusetts, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981, and currently serves as historic house museum operated by the Bourne Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Originally built around 1802 by Josephus Keene, the house was significantly expanded and renovated in the Greek Revival style in the 1830s by Briggs, who married Keenes granddaughter Thirza. He was later instrumental in the creation of the town of Bourne from Sandwich in 1884, serving as one of the new towns selectmen. Later he would serve on the school and library commissions, and chairman of the Barnstable County Commission.</p><br>
<p>He was a friend of USA President Grover Cleveland, who sometimes vacationed in the area. The shop of a local blacksmith who shod Cleveland&#39;s horses has been moved to the house property as well. The interior of the house has an 1890 ceiling mural painted by local artist Charles Raleigh.</p><br>
<p>After his death, it passed to Mercy Briggs McDermott and her husband William. They later sold it to the school district. In the 1970s the town worked to restore it, and in 1998 moved the blacksmith shop to the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Ganboa  is a summit on the Gipuzkoan side of the Aralar Range , the mount having long been held as the highest in the range, while nowadays it trails second to Irumugarrieta. The peak, crowned with a mountaineer postbox, is surrounded by grasslands, secondary peaks and limestone karst terrain, where deep fissures are not rare to be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Access points</h2><br>
<p>&#39;Ganboas central position at the heart of Aralar sets the summit far away and at a similar distance from any access point.</p><br>
<p>One route sets out in Larraitz following the classical beaten trail leading to Txindoki. After the zigzags ensuing the spring Oria (860 m high), a trail detaches to the right gradually ascending on the slopes of Aralar&#39;s highlands till the gentle fields of Alotza (1,182 m) are reached. The pastures provide the grass for the cattle in summertime (largely horses, sheep and cows), so drinking troughs, springs and sheep pens are easily found on the way. On arrival to the pass of Irazusta (1250 m), the main trail heading to the Igaratza plains must be left on the right, and a small valley lacking any noticeable path slopes up north-east to Ganboa. 2h30 hours walk and back.</p><br>
<p>Another one, the "Quarry Route", starts off at the neighbourhood Altunegi of Amezketa, while a vehicle ride through a paved road leads to the very threshold of the valley of the quarries (Minak, 450 m high). After walking across the forest, the trail penetrates into a deep valley along the stream Arritzaga with fields all along. As the valley turns shallower, at the drinking trough of Pardeluts (1050 m), a valley going south-west must be taken in order to gain height up to the peak, on the right hand. 2h45 and back.</p><br>
<p>The access from the Navarrese side at the Guardetxe or Ranger Shelter is less demanding as regards the altitude difference, since the Guardetxe stands at 1,035 m high, while the hiking distance remains long. The route heads north-west through a beaten trail, with the shelters of Errenaga (1,220 m) and the Igaratza plains lying halfway to Ganboa. Igaratza houses a megalithic site, with interesting stone circles, dolmens and a menhir. Taking the way left cutting across the southern side of the bulk Pardarri, the trail reaches the pass of Irazusta.</p><br>
<p>The Bower is an 1806 Federal style building in Jefferson County, West Virginia, USA. It was later remodeled with Gothic Revival features after a fire in 1892. The name appeared as early as 1753 when Major General Adam Stephen had a hunting lodge at this location.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A land grant from Lord Fairfax, General Stephen lived at "Bower Lodge" from 1753 to 1772, when he moved to his residence in Martinsburg, Virginia, a town he founded. The Bower was given to his daughter Ann Stephen and her husband Alexander Spottswood Dandridge, whose first cousin was Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. The property passed to Stephen&#39;s only grandchild, Adam Stephen Dandridge I, in 1791. Dandridge built the main house in 1806. In 1833 The Bower passed to Adam Stephen Dandridge II.</p><br>
<p>Novelist John Pendleton Kennedy visited The Bower in 1832, and based his novel Swallow Barn on his views of the estate.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Major General J.E.B. Stuart set up a headquarters at The Bower at Adam Stephen Dandridge II&#39;s invitation. His staff included Generals Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee, as well as staff officer Heros von Borcke from September 28, 1862, to October 10, 1862. A horse bred at The Bower was given as a gift to General Lee to use when his primary mount, "Traveller," needed a rest. That horse was the well known "Lucy Long."</p><br>
<p>Danske Bedinger Dandridge, the wife of Adam Stephen Dandridge III, lived at The Bower for a time before moving to Rose Brake. Her poetry appeared in The Century and Harpers.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century the house became a summer home for Bishop Edmund Pendleton Dandridge, Episcopal Bishop of Tennessee. The property remains in the same family today.</p><br>
<p>The Monroe County Courthouse is located in Woodsfield, Ohio and is one of few courthouses located in a town square. It is the fourth courthouse building on this site, with two of the previous ones destroyed in fires. The present building is of red brick with yellow brick quions, pillars and pediments, which are said to represent the colors of fall in the surrounding countryside. The main entrance is reached by a small flight of stairs between Ionic columns and a pediment of fine arched stone.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse has one of ten largest clocks in the world, which can be seen from miles away. Its four faces were installed in 1908 by Howard Clock Company of New York. The cost of the clock was $2,775.</p><br>
<p>The dome of the courthouse was once a bright copper plating, but was removed due to public dissatisfaction.</p><br>
<p>The present courthouse is still used for judicial purposes, housing both criminal and civil proceedings as well as probate and juvenile matters.</p><br>
<p>Boidstones Place, also called Greenbrakes and Fountain Rock, was built in 1766 by Thomas Boydston near Shepherdstown, West Virginia on land he was granted by Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. In a dispute with Fairfax and Joist Hite over lands he had acquired along the Terrapin Neck on the Potomac River, Boydston lost most of his lands, which were acquired by Abraham Shepherd. The property formed a portion of the Shepherd&#39;s holdings along Shepherd Grade, which were primarily devoted breeding race horses. Some of the property was annexed to the adjoining Wild Goose property, owned by R.D. Shepherd, who had a racetrack there. In 1851 R.D. Shepherd gave Boidstones to his nephew and namesake R. D. Shepherd, Jr. who built the main Greek Revival section of the house. The property was sold out of the Shepherd family in 1886, but was returned to the Shepherds in 1916 for use as a summer place.</p><br>
<p>The original house at Boidstone Place is, with the Peter Burr House, the oldest framed building in West Virginia. The 1850s Greek Revival wing is also of wood frame construction. Another addition was made in the 1920s, in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Other structures on the farm include a log cabin (c. 1850), a log cottage (c. 1850s, altered in 1938), a tenant house (c. 1890), a springhouse (1850s), a garage (1920s), the main barn (c. 1850), a machine shed (c. 1910), a spray shed (c. 1920) and a bull shed (c. 1910) as well as a cemetery for slaves, active from c. 1776 to 1865.</p><br>
<p>A large spring on the property became known as Stillhouse Spring, where Boydston produced whiskey which was shipped down the river from a dock.</p><br>
<p>The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Crossings at the Potomac River are a set of railroad bridges that span the Potomac River between Maryland Heights, Maryland and Harpers Ferry, West Virginia in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Harper&#39;s Ferry operated from 1733 until it was replaced by a timber covered road bridge in about 1824 at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers.</p><br>
<p>In 1839, the B&O&#39;s first crossing over the Potomac was an 830 ft covered wood truss. The single-track bridge, which comprised six river spans plus a span over the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, II. Latrobe designed a "Y" span for the route to Winchester, which was added to the bridge in 1839. The bridge was destroyed during the American Civil War and was subsequently replaced by temporary structures.</p><br>
<p>In 1851, a second bridge was built across the Shenandoah becoming was one of the earliest Bollman trusses in existence. A newer Bollman truss bridge, which carried both rail and highway traffic, opened in 1870. It was washed away in a flood in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The two crossing today, which are on different alignments, are from the late 19th century and early 20th century. A steel Pratt truss and plate girder bridge was built in 1894 to carry the B&O Valley line (now the CSX Shenandoah Subdivision) toward Winchester, Virginia along the Shenandoah River. This was complimented in 1930-31 with a deck plate girder bridge that carries the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) main line to Martinsburg, West Virginia (the line is now the CSX Cumberland Subdivision).</p><br>
<p>A rail tunnel was built at the same time as the 1894 bridge to carry the line through the Maryland Heights bypassing a sharp curve. In the 1930s the western end of the tunnel was widened during the construction of the second bridge to allow the broadest possible curve across the river.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Colline is an historic eight-unit apartment building on Wilshire Boulevard in the Westwood section of Los Angeles, California. Designed by architect Percy Parke Lewis, Chateau Colline was built in 1935. Its leaded-glass windows, turrets, and climbing vines give it the appearance of a castle. The building also has large wood-burning fireplaces with handcrafted mantels, bakelite intercoms, vaulted ceilings and outside nooks for milk bottles.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the owner applied for a permit to demolish the building to build a six-story condominium project in its place. With support from the Los Angeles Conservancy, tenants, led by Vidala, organized an effort to declare the building an historic monument in order to prevent its demolition. The owner claimed the rent-controlled building had become a financial drain and needed new plumbing and electrical systems. Los Angeles City Councilman Jack Weiss supported the effort to declare the building a historic landmark, calling it a "unique, vital piece of Holmby Hills and Westwood history." The City Council eventually voted 14 to 0 to declare the building a landmark.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Colline was recognized as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (LAHCM #703) by the city Cultural Heritage Commission in 2001, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Col des Ares  is a mountain pass located in Haute-Garonne, between Juzet-d&#39;Izaut and Fronsac, some thirty kilometres north of Bagnères-de-Luchon, and south-west of Aspet.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climbs</h2><br>
<p>From Fronsac (west), the ascent is 8.4 km long. Over this distance, the climb gains 330 m in height at an average of 3.9%.</p><br>
<p>From La Moulette, near Cazaunous, (east), the climb is 6.7 km long climbing 310 m at an average of 4.6%. Before reaching Juzet-d&#39;Izaut, the D618 crosses the Col de Buret 599 m</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The Col des Ares was first used in the Tour de France in 1910 and has appeared frequently since. The leader over the summit in 1910 was Octave Lapize. It was crossed on Stage 17 of the 2012 tour and in 2014 on stage 16.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Tour de France (since 1947)</h3><br>
<p>From 1947 to 1952, and in 1957, the climb was not classified.</p><br>
<p>Pontokomi  is a village located in the central part of Kozani regional unit, West Macedonia region, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit Dimitrios Ypsilantis. It is situated between the cities of Ptolemaida and Kozani .</p><br>
<p>It is a refugee town, developed as a modern and organised village with a complete market and services. A new amphitheatre opened 15 July 2001 which was constructed at the foot of the mountain and shaped by former quarries. On 20 June 2002, it was named Amphitheatre Mikis Theodorakis.</p><br>
<p>Pontokomi is notable in later Greek history including the participation of the majority of residents in the resistance during World War, and also in marching against dictatorship.</p><br>
<p>The main industry is agriculture (cereals and tobacco) and some residents work in the power stations.</p><br>
<p>Mary Andrews Clark Memorial Home is a four-story, 76,000 ft&sup2; "French Revival Chateauesque" brick structure in the Westlake neighborhood of Los Angeles near downtown. It was built in 1913 as a YWCA home for young working women.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by William A. Clark (1839–1925), the copper magnate after whom Clark County, Nevada, was named, as a memorial to his mother Mary Andrews Clark (1814–1904). The home was operated by the YWCA from 1913 to 1987, when it was closed as a result of damage sustained in the Whittier Narrows earthquake. The building reopened in 1995 as housing for low income single workers. The building has been designated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and dedication</h2><br>
<p>The Mary Andrews Clark Home was built by former USA Senator and Montana copper magnate William A. Clark, "as a perpetual memorial" to his mother, who died in Los Angeles. a short distance west of Downtown Los Angeles. Clark said the structure to be built on the site would be a home for young women who work for a living, "where they can live in delight and comfort at a price which every woman can afford." On seeing the architectural plans for the new home, the Los Angeles Times reported: "The home, beautiful architecturally and ideal in its conception, will rank as one of the finest in the country." The building, described at the time as a French chateau type building, was dedicated in February 1913 "as a memorial not only to his own mother but as a shrine where thousands of young women in the coming years may worship the memory of their good mothers." The building, designed by Arthur Burnett Benton (1858–1927), with many gables, cupolas, turrets and balconies, was turned over to the YWCA, having been built and furnished at a total cost of $500,000. Not less than 3,000 persons visited the home for the first public reception in May 1913, and the Los Angeles Times described the building, lawns and rose garden as a "Visitors&#39; Mecca."</p><br>
<h2>Operation as a home for young working women</h2><br>
<p>The home&#39;s first annual report was issued in February 1914. It noted that the average price paid for board was $5.05 a week, which included a room, two meals a day (three on Sundays and holidays), and free use of laundry and sewing machines.</p><br>
<p>By 1923, more than 200 "girls" were on the waiting list for entrance into the home. In 1926, the Times described the Clark Home as a haven for "the great influx of feminine workers" into the booming Los Angeles metropolis:"It could accommodate 200 in its beautiful old gray stone French chateau which in appearance suggests anything else but a home for working girls. In fact, its immaculately kept lawns, wide verandas and inviting lawn-tennis court seem more in line with the advantages that are usually associated with the residence of a family of wealth and position than the home of girls who find it necessary to work for a living." Even in 1938 it was described as "one of the show places of the city."</p><br>
<p>The home&#39;s popularity continued in the years after World War II. In 1948, the home housed women between 18 and 30 years old in either single or double rooms, each room was equipped with a lavatory, and with tubs and showers located on each floor. Residents were permitted at that time to have the company of male friends in small sitting rooms or the game room, with one staff member noting that the place "literally swarms with young men" on the weekends. If a resident took advantage of this freedom, she was "taught through counseling that she must do nothing to disturb the other inmates or to give Clark Residence a bad name in the community."</p><br>
<h2>Lawsuit by Clark heirs</h2><br>
<p>In 1954, heirs of Senator Clark sued the YWCA over its alleged violation of the terms of the agreement under which the home was deeded to the YWCA. The suit alleged that the YWCA had improperly depleted the homes trust fund, terminated Clarks niece as chairman of the home&#39;s management committee, and adopted new by-laws under which it assumed the right to appoint a chairman of the management committee. The suit also expressed concern that the national YWCA had allegedly been infiltrated by communists and its board had balked at signing loyalty oaths "declaring their loyalty to this nation." The suit was settled in 1955, with the YWCA assuming full control of the home and the old management committee acknowledging that its term of office had expired.</p><br>
<h2>Operation from 1960s through 1980s</h2><br>
<p>Even as social rules loosened in the 1960s and 1970s, the Clark Home continued to operate under strict rules for its residents. In 1963, the Los Angeles Times reported: "Clark girls today live much as the first Clark residents did – in private rooms, taking their meals in a well-appointed dining room (slacks and curlers are not permitted at dinner) and twice weekly they dine by candlelight."</p><br>
<p>All ages of women were living at Clark Residence and the home otherwise continued to operate under strict rules: no alcohol on the premises; no men upstairs; and no wearing shorts in the recreation room. House director, Mildred Arnold, said the rule on male visitors was strictly enforced: "One violation and a girl would be out. They know the rules." A Los Angeles Times reporter noted that the upper floors had been made "nearly impregnable", and the building director was reluctant even to allow a Times photographer to take pictures of a room. Despite the strict rules, residents enjoyed the added security provided by the home, with staff patrolling the home during the day and a watchman at the door through the night. Residents were also attracted by the low rent and amenities; residents in 1982 paid about $280 per month for a private room, including two meals a day and weekly maid and linen service.</p><br>
<h2>Closure and conversion to low-income housing</h2><br>
<p>The home was operated by the Y.W.C.A. until 1987, In 1990, the YWCA sold the building for $3 million to the Los Angeles Community Design Center, a nonprofit group, and Crescent Bay Co., a Santa Monica developer. In order to preserve the building&#39;s original materials, woodwork, tiles and other materials "were marked, removed for restoration, then puzzled back together." The total cost of the renovation was $16 million in combined public and private funds.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Clark Home was recognized as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #158) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in 1976, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Use as shooting location</h2><br>
<p>The house has been used as a shooting location for many television and motion picture productions, including "Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years" (1977), "Winds of War" (1983), "Twins" (1988), "Rocketeer" (1991), "Mr. Saturday Night" (1992), and "Raise Your Voice" (2004) Teen Wolf (2014) and iZombie (2014) Cable guy, Changeling, Ouija (2014)</p><br>
<p>The Nellie Crockett is a Chesapeake Bay oyster buy-boat built for Andrew A. Crockett of Tangier, Virginia, in 1925. She is located at Maryland, USA. She was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Nellie Crockett was built specifically to operate as a buy-boat, making the rounds of the Chesapeake Bay oyster beds to buy oysters directly from the harvesters, typically sail-powered skipjacks or oyster tongers. This allowed the oyster dredges to remain on the beds, avoiding the need to return to port when full. Buy-boats typically gave a lower price than a dockside sale, but most oystermen considered this a fair trade for not losing time on a run back to the dock. She is considered one of the best-preserved examples of this type of vessel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nellie Crockett is a wooden, plank-on-frame freightboat, documented measuring 61.6 ft long, 20.33 ft on the beam and 6.42 ft in draft (18.8 m × 6.20 m × 1.96 m). She measures 52 tons gross and 35 tons net. Her wide beam and moderate draft were useful in her business of buying, loading and transporting oysters in the shallow waters of the Chesapeake Bay. The hull is built using wood frames made from the natural crooks of tree limbs and roots. It is planked with 3.5 in pine. The deck planking is laid fore-and-aft over deck beams on hanging knees. A partially watertight bulkhead is located in the forecastle.</p><br>
<p>Power is presently provided by a Detroit Diesel 871, dating to 1971 or 1972, fueled from two 150 usgal boilerplate steel tanks. A 90 usgal water tank is also fitted.</p><br>
<p>The center of the deck is dominated by a large hold opening, 25 by, surrounded by a coaming. The 12 in mast lies just ahead of the hatch, rising 41 ft. A 1956 quarter and a 1951 nickel were found under the mast, indicating that it was replaced or re-stepped in the 1950s, with a traditional coin placed underneath at the time. The mast has two cargo-handling booms attached at its base. The focsle hatch is forward of the mainmast, measuring 4.6 ft long and 3.2 ft wide (1.4 m × 0.98 m). A low railing runs from the focsle hatch to the stern, with two rails, one above the other.</p><br>
<p>The pilot house is rectangular with a rounded front, 20.42 ft long and 8.42 ft wide (6.22 m × 2.57 m). It is covered with vertical tongue-and-groove sheathing. The pilot house is divided into three compartments, each formerly divided from the others by doors, now missing. The wheel room occupies the front compartment, housing the rope-and-pulley-operated wheel, with five windows on the front, two on either side, and doors on either side. A heater stands at the rear. A flush deck hatch gives access to the engine compartment. The next compartment behind the wheel room, and a little lower, is the bunk room, 6.5 ft long, with three bunks on the port side and a shower on the starboard side, replacing the original head. There is a porthole for the upper bunk. Behind the bunkroom lies the kitchen, 4 ft long, with a window on each side and a door aft. At the fore, in the foc&#39;sle compartment, two more bunks are provided.</p><br>
<p>The Crockett is substantially the same as she was built. Apart from the installation of a radar unit two deck manholes were added, a bulhead was removed in the engine room, and a stove may have been removed from the focsle. The hold was not used during the Ward familys tenure, as it was considered too smelly. Oysters were stored on deck in baskets, as many as 2200 bushels at a time, with ten to twelve tons of granite ballast below.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nellie Crockett was built in 1925 by Charles A. Dana at Crisfield, Maryland for Andrew A. "Shad" Crockett of Tangier, Virginia. She was named for one of Crocketts daughters. Until 1942 she was operated by Crockett, carrying oysters in season and produce and lumber in the off season. In 1942 she was purchased by the USA War Shipping Administration for $6,000 as a fireboat in ports along the Chesapeake. Designated CG-65015F, she served until 1945, when Crockett bought her back for $10. Crockett sold a half share in Crockett to William Smith and a quarter share to Charles M. Crockett for a total of $750 in 1946. Her original 45 hp engine was replaced with a 60 hp engine. On Christmas Eve 1947, Priscilla Crocket was given Andrew Crocketts share for one dollar. She was sold in 1950 to Gus Forbush, who changed the engine to a 165 hp model. She was then sold to Gilbert Ashley, who moved her to Baltimore, but then sold her in 1952 to J. Harry Porter and Harry B. Porter of Baltimore, who moved her back to Crisfield. In 1957, the Porters sold her to James H. Ward, Sr. and William H. Ward of Reedville, Virginia. William sold his share to James in 1966. James Ward operated Crockett as a buy-boat until his death in 1986. Family members continued to operate her until 1990. She was then bought by Theodore L. Parish of Georgetown.</p><br>
